Sobrevivência em microcosmo e em campo solarizado de fitopatógenos submetidos à fermentação acelerada de diferentes matériais orgânicos
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Data
2006-02-21
Autores
Ambrósio, Márcia Michelle de Queiroz [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A solarização é uma das alternativas de controle físico para vários fitopatógenos que podem sobreviver por vários anos no solo por meio de estruturas de resistência, causando danos em muitas culturas, e muitas vezes inviabilizando vastas áreas agrícolas. No entanto, existem algumas espécies que possuem temperatura letal acima daquela atingida pela solarização do solo. Vem sendo estudado a incorporação de material orgânico previamente a colocação do plástico, situação esta que promove o aprisionamento dos gases oriundos da decomposição, conferindo um efeito aditivo à solarização. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu na prospecção de materiais orgânicos promissores para produzir voláteis fungitóxicos capazes de controlar fitopatógenos de solo. Foram realizados dois ensaios em condições de microcosmo (câmara de vidro) para simular a solarização do solo, onde incorporou-se 1kg/m2 de material orgânico fresco e posteriormente, dois experimentos de campo, em épocas diferentes e em áreas contíguas com os mesmos materiais orgânicos. No primeiro experimento foi incorporado 1kg/m2 de material orgânico e no segundo 3Kg/m2. Estudou-se quatro fitopatógenos (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2; Macrophomina phaseolina; Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii) frente a quatro 2 materiais orgânicos frescos e triturados incorporados ao solo (folhas e ramos de brócolos, eucalipto, mamona e mandioca brava). O controle dos fungos foi avaliado por meio da análise da sobrevivência das estruturas em meio semi-seletivo específicos, durante quatro períodos (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias do início do experimento). Nos experimentos de campo, foram monitoradas a temperatura por um coletor de dados Tipo CR23X (Campbell Scientific) e a porcentagem de CO2 e de O2 pelo equipamento analisador de gases (Texto 325-1)... .
Solarization is one of the physical control alternatives available against a number of plant pathogens capable of surviving for several years in the soil by means of resistance structures, causing damage to many crops, and often rendering vast agricultural areas unviable. However, there are a few species whose lethal temperature is above the temperature reached during soil solarization. The incorporation of organic material prior to mulching with plastic is currently being studied. This condition promotes the trapping of gases from decomposition, imparting an additive effect to solarization. The objective of the present work consisted in the investigation of organic materials which are promising to produce fungitoxic volatiles that can control soil plant pathogens. Two assays were carried out under microcosmic conditions (glass chamber) to simulate soil solarization, in which 1kg/m2 of fresh organic material were incorporated. Later, two field experiments were carried out during different seasons and at contiguous areas, using the same organic materials. In the first experiment, 1kg/m2 of organic material was incorporated, while 3Kg/m2 were incorporated in the second. Four plant pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Strain 2; Macrophomina phaseolina; Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI, and Sclerotium rolfsii) were studied under four types of fresh, ground organic materials incorporated into the soil (leaves and branches of broccoli, eucalyptus, castor bean, and wild cassava). Fungus control was evaluated through the analysis of the survival of structures in a specific semi-selective medium, during four periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 days from the beginning of the experiment). In 4 the field experiments, temperature was monitored with a Type CR23X (Campbell Scientific) data collector, and CO2 and O2 percentages were monitored with a Testo 325-1 gas analyzer equipment. In both field experiments...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Solarization is one of the physical control alternatives available against a number of plant pathogens capable of surviving for several years in the soil by means of resistance structures, causing damage to many crops, and often rendering vast agricultural areas unviable. However, there are a few species whose lethal temperature is above the temperature reached during soil solarization. The incorporation of organic material prior to mulching with plastic is currently being studied. This condition promotes the trapping of gases from decomposition, imparting an additive effect to solarization. The objective of the present work consisted in the investigation of organic materials which are promising to produce fungitoxic volatiles that can control soil plant pathogens. Two assays were carried out under microcosmic conditions (glass chamber) to simulate soil solarization, in which 1kg/m2 of fresh organic material were incorporated. Later, two field experiments were carried out during different seasons and at contiguous areas, using the same organic materials. In the first experiment, 1kg/m2 of organic material was incorporated, while 3Kg/m2 were incorporated in the second. Four plant pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Strain 2; Macrophomina phaseolina; Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI, and Sclerotium rolfsii) were studied under four types of fresh, ground organic materials incorporated into the soil (leaves and branches of broccoli, eucalyptus, castor bean, and wild cassava). Fungus control was evaluated through the analysis of the survival of structures in a specific semi-selective medium, during four periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 days from the beginning of the experiment). In 4 the field experiments, temperature was monitored with a Type CR23X (Campbell Scientific) data collector, and CO2 and O2 percentages were monitored with a Testo 325-1 gas analyzer equipment. In both field experiments...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Solos - Solarização, Residuos organicos, Fungos do solo - Fermentação, Soilborne Survival, Solarization, Organic material, Fermentation
Como citar
AMBRÓSIO, Márcia Michelle de Queiroz. Sobrevivência em microcosmo e em campo solarizado de fitopatógenos submetidos à fermentação acelerada de diferentes matériais orgânicos. 2006. ix, 47 f. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, 2006.