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  • ItemArtigo
    N-fertilization of tropical pastures improves performance but not methane emission of Nellore growing bulls
    (2023-01-01) Lima, Lais De Oliveira [UNESP]; Ongaratto, Fernando [UNESP]; Dallantonia, Erick Escobar [UNESP]; Leite, Rhaony Gonçalves [UNESP]; Argentini, Gabriella Patrício [UNESP]; Fernandes, Marcia Helena MacHado Da Rocha [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Vyas, Diwakar; Malheiros, Euclides Braga [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Florida
    Grazing management and N-fertilizer have been reported to improve tropical forage productivity and quality, however, their effect on methane emission of grazing animals remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of increasing application rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization of Marandu palisadegrass under continuous stocking on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and enteric methane emissions of Nellore growing bulls. We hypothesized that changes in the forage nutritive value caused by N fertilization of pastures combined with adequate grazing management (e.g., greater crude protein [CP] and digestibility) would lead to an increase in animal productivity (e.g., greater average daily gain [ADG] and gain per area), and then, to a decrease in methane emission intensity. Treatments consisted of different annual application rates of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 75, and 150 kg N/ha using ammonium nitrate (32% N) as the nitrogen source. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replications (12 paddocks). Intake, digestibility, N balance, and methane emissions were measured in eight animals per treatment. CP intake, digestibility and N balance increased linearly with the increase in N fertilization (P < 0.05). In addition, stocking rate (SR) and ADG linearly increased from 1.75 animal unit (AU = 450 kg)/ha and 0.62 kg/d (0 kg N/ha) to 3.75 AU/ha and 0.82 kg/d (150 kg N/ha), respectively. Individual methane emissions nor methane emission intensity were affected by treatment with an average of 164.7 g/d and 199.7 g/kg ADG (P > 0.05). Annual N fertilization with ammonium nitrate between 75 and 150 kg N/ha in palisadegrass pastures under continuous stocking enhances animal performance per unit area yet not affecting neither methane production nor intensity.
  • ItemArtigo
    Effect of the Interaction between Excreta Type and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions in Pastures
    (2023-03-01) Ongaratto, Fernando [UNESP]; Fernandes, Marcia Helena Machado da Rocha [UNESP]; Dallantonia, Erick Escobar [UNESP]; Lima, Lais de Oliveira; Val, Guilherme Alves do [UNESP]; Cardoso, Abmael da Silva; Rigobello, Izabela Larosa [UNESP]; Gomes, Laís Mayumi [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Ruggieri, Ana Claudia [UNESP]; Malheiros, Euclides Braga [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Florida
    This study aimed to evaluate the emission factor of N2O, CH4, and the volatilization of NH3 for the combination of feces or urine with increasing doses of ammonium nitrate in tropical palisade grass pastures. The emission of greenhouse gases was assessed in eight treatments combining feces and urine with doses (75 and 150 kg of N ha−1) of ammonium nitrate, (32% N). The emission factor of N2O was 0.11, 0.19, and 0.17% for feces, urine, and 75 kg N ha−1 year−1 (as ammonium nitrate) and showed an additive linear effect when feces or urine were combined with increasing doses of N fertilizer. The emission factor of CH4 of feces (0.18 kg CH4 animal−1 year−1) was similar irrespective of combination with ammonium nitrate. The N loss by volatilized NH3 has a decreasing linear effect (p < 0.05) for the combination of feces or urine with ammonium nitrate. We concluded that N2O and CH4 emission factors of feces and urine in tropical climate conditions are lower than those reported by the IPCC. However, their N2O emission factors are sharply enhanced when combined with ammonium nitrate. These results may contribute to improvements in national and regional greenhouse gas inventories of livestock production.
  • ItemArtigo
    Implications of CO2 emissions on the main land and forest uses in the Brazilian Amazon
    (2023-06-15) Rossi, Fernando Saragosa [UNESP]; La Scala, Newton [UNESP]; Capristo-Silva, Guilherme Fernando; Della-Silva, João Lucas; Teodoro, Larissa Pereira Ribeiro; Almeida, Gabriel; Tiago, Auana Vicente; Teodoro, Paulo Eduardo; Silva Junior, Carlos Antonio da; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); PPGA; PPG-Bionorte; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS); PPGCAM; Programa de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Regional (PDCTR) - FAPEMAT/CNPq; State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT)
    The emission of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) in agricultural areas is a process that results from the interaction of several factors such as climate, soil, and land management practices. Agricultural practices directly affect the carbon dynamics between the soil and atmosphere. Herein, we evaluated the temporal variability (2020/2021 crop season) of soil CO2 emissions and its relationship with related variables, such as the CO2 flux model, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), gross primary productivity (GPP), and leaf area index (LAI) from orbital data and soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil CO2 emissions from in situ collections from native forests, productive pastures, degraded pastures, and areas of high-yield potential soybean and low-yield potential soybean production. A significant influence (p < 0.01) was observed for all variables and between the different land uses and occupation types. September and October had lower emissions of soil CO2 and low means of soil moisture and soil temperature, and no differences were observed among the treatments. On the other hand, there was a significant effect of the CO2 flux model in productive pastures, high-yield potential soybean areas, and low-yield potential soybean areas. The months with the highest CO2 flux values in the model, regardless of land use and land cover, were October and November, which is the beginning of the rainy season. There were positive correlations between soil CO2 emissions and GPP (0.208), LAI (0.354), EVI (0.363), and soil moisture (0.280) and negative correlations between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature (−0.240) and CO2 flux model (−0.314) values. Land use and land cover showed negative correlations with these variables, except for the CO2 flux model variable. Soil CO2 emission values were lower for high-yield potential soybean areas (averages from 0.834 to 6.835 μmol m−2 s−1) and low-yield potential soybean areas (from 0.943 to 5.686 μmol m−2 s−1) and higher for native forests (from 2.279 to 8.131 μmol m−2 s−1), whereas the opposite was true for the CO2 flux model.
  • ItemArtigo
    Temporal variability of the CO2 emission and the O2 influx in a tropical soil in contrasting coverage conditions
    (2023-01-01) De Lucena, Wanderson Benerval [UNESP]; Vicentini, Maria Elisa [UNESP]; Santos, Gustavo André De Araújo [UNESP]; Silva, Bruna De Oliveira [UNESP]; Costa, Daniel Vítor Mesquita Da [UNESP]; Canteral, Kleve Freddy Ferreira [UNESP]; Neira Román, José A.; Rolim, Glauco De Souza [UNESP]; Panosso, Alan Rodrigo [UNESP]; La Scala, Newton [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Catholic University of the Maule (UCM)
    Aim: The proposal was to investigate the temporal variability of CO2 emission (FCO2), the influx of O2 in the soil (FO2), soil moisture (SM) and soil temperature (ST), as well as, understand the process of oxygen entry into the soil. Methods: Soil and its relationship with land cover and local climatic conditions. FCO2, FO2, soil moisture and temperature, and other meteorological data (e.g., atmospheric pressure, average air temperature and precipitation). Results: There was a positive linear correlation between the soil's CO2 emission and O2 capture and these correlations occurred in areas of mulch and vegetated cover, respectively, r = 0.45 (p < 0.05) and r = 0.44 (p < 0.05). The analysis of variance of temporal variability was significant, which demonstrates that the time and soil cover factors interfere with the dynamics of FCO2 (F = 2.1379; p < 0.0001), FO2 (F = 1.9124; p = 0.003), SM (F = 5.30; p < 0.0001), ST (F = 10.51; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: It is concluded that the temporal variability of the soil's CO2 emission and O2 capture is associated with the coverage, soil moisture and atmospheric conditions of the region. Thus, the soil cover provided thermal control and the maintenance of soil moisture. It is hoped that these contributions will serve as an interest in the formation of public policies for the mitigation of greenhouse gases, talking with the objective for sustainable development number 13.
  • ItemArtigo
    Training Machine Learning Algorithms Using Remote Sensing and Topographic Indices for Corn Yield Prediction
    (2022-12-01) Oliveira, Mailson Freire de [UNESP]; Ortiz, Brenda Valeska; Morata, Guilherme Trimer; Jiménez, Andrés-F; Rolim, Glauco de Souza [UNESP]; Silva, Rouverson Pereira da [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Auburn University; Macrypt R.G. Universidad de los Llanos
    Methods using remote sensing associated with artificial intelligence to forecast corn yield at the management zone level can help farmers understand the spatial variability of yield before harvesting. Here, spectral bands, topographic wetness index, and topographic position index were integrated to predict corn yield at the management zone using machine learning approaches (e.g., extremely randomized trees, gradient boosting machine, XGBoost algorithms, and stacked ensemble models). We tested four approaches: only spectral bands, spectral bands + topographic position index, spectral bands + topographic wetness index, and spectral bands + topographic position index + topographic wetness index. We also explored two approaches for model calibration: the whole-field approach and the site-specific model at the management zone level. The model’s performance was evaluated in terms of accuracy (mean absolute error) and tendency (estimated mean error). The results showed that it is possible to predict corn yield with reasonable accuracy using spectral crop information associated with the topographic wetness index and topographic position index during the flowering growth stage. Site-specific models increase the accuracy and reduce the tendency of corn yield forecasting on management zones with high, low, and intermediate yields.
  • ItemArtigo
    Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint of collard greens, spinach and chicory production systems in Southeast of Brazil
    (2022-11-02) Pereira, Breno de Jesus [UNESP]; Cecílio Filho, Arthur Bernardes [UNESP]; La Scala, Newton [UNESP]; Figueiredo, Eduardo Barretto de; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar)
    Food production in sustainable agricultural systems is one of the main challenges of modern agriculture. Vegetable intercropping may be a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, replacing monoculture systems. The objective is to identify the main emissions sources and to estimate GHG emissions of intercropping and monoculture production of collard greens, New Zealand spinach and chicory. Four scenarios were evaluated: ICS – intercropping collard greens and spinach; MCS – monoculture collard greens and spinach; ICC – intercropping collard greens and chicory; MCC - monoculture collard greens and chicory. The boundaries’ reach from “cradle-to-gate” and the calculation of GHG emissions were performed using IPCC methodology and specific factors (Tier 2). The total GHG emitted was standardized as CO2 equivalent (CO2eq). The GHG emissions in ICS and ICC scenarios were approximately 31% lower than in MCS and MCC scenarios. Carbon footprint in ICS (0.030 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) and ICC (0.033 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) scenarios were also lower than in MCS (0.082 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) and MCC (0.071 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) scenarios. Fertilizers, fuel (diesel) and irrigation were the main contributing sources for total GHG emitted and carbon footprint in all evaluated scenarios. The results suggest that intercropping systems may reduce GHG emissions associated with the production of vegetables evaluated as compared with monoculture.
  • ItemArtigo
    Soil structure under tillage systems with and without cultivation in the off-season
    (2023-02-01) Fernandes, Mariele Monique Honorato [UNESP]; da Silva, Matheus Flavio [UNESP]; Ferraudo, Antônio Sérgio [UNESP]; Fernandes, Carolina [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Conservation systems, such as no-tillage, follow as principles the absence of soil tillage, formation and maintenance of vegetation cover, and crop rotation. Nevertheless, when one principle is not adequately adopted there may be alterations in soil aggregation and porosity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate physical attributes and organic carbon of the soil in an area with tillage and fallow in the off-season and in areas without soil tillage, with fallow and with crop in the off-season. The soil of the three areas was characterized as an Oxisol with clayey texture. For more than 10 years, corn has been the main crop grown in the season period in the three areas: conventional soil tillage system with fallow in the off-season (CTS), no-tillage system with fallow in the off-season (NTS-f), and no-tillage system with grass-grass succession (NTS-g). Each area was sampled at 20 random points and soil samples were collected from the layers, 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.2 m and 0.2–0.3 m. The data were subjected to multivariate factor analysis, where two factors were identified, called “soil aggregation” and “soil porosity”. Through the “soil aggregation” process, it was found that clay is essential for the formation of aggregates with diameter of up to 2.0 mm, while soil organic carbon influences the formation of macroaggregates. The “soil aggregation” was higher in the area under NTS-g, and lower in the areas under NTS-f and CTS. The practice of fallow in the off-season in a no-tillage system proved to be harmful to soil structuring, especially in relation to soil aggregation. In the area under CTS there was greater “soil porosity” in the 0–0.1 m layer, but this effect is temporary, due to the large amount of microaggregates generated in this system, which over time obstructs soil pores and causes lower porosity than that determined under the no-tillage system.
  • ItemArtigo
    Estimation of soil losses in the area of environmental protection of the Uberaba river
    (2022-09-22) Siqueira, Hygor Evangelista; Pereira, Gener Tadeu [UNESP]; Pissarra, Teresa Cristina Tarlé [UNESP]; Filho, Marcilio Vieira Martins [UNESP]; Campos, Carlos Alberto Araújo; Grupo de Pesquisa Política de Uso do Solo; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro
    Conservation Units are National Environment Policy instruments that determined the creation of areas for protection and guarantee of ecosystem balance in the Brazilian territory. The Uberaba River Environmental Protection Area (APA) is a water conservation unit in the city of Uberaba-MG. It is characterized as a sustainable use conservation unit, and some highly impacting activities have been occurring in this area, leading to erosion, water eutrophication, and changes in water quality and quantity. The aims of this study were to evaluate soil losses and to diagnose areas of natural potential for erosion (PNE) using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), the Geographic Information System (GIS), and remote sensing products. Adjusted PNE was low (<100 t ha-1 year-1) in 38.72% of the APA and moderate (100-200 t ha-1 year-1) in 31.29% of the area. High (200-600 t ha-1 year-1), very high (600-1000 t ha-1 year-1), and extremely high indexes (> 1000 t ha-1 year-1) were observed in 29.99% of the APA. Estimates of soil loss due to water erosion below 5 t ha-1 year-1 represented 43.81% of the APA. Estimated losses between 5 and 10 t ha-1 year-1 occur in 12.22% of the area; from 10 to 20 t ha-1 year-1, 21.82% of the area; between 20 and 50 t ha-1 year-1,17.89% of the area; from 50 to 100 t ha-1 year-1, 3.92% of the area; and losses over 100 t ha-1 year-1 involved 0.34% of the APA. The use of geotechnology, remote sensing products, geographic information systems, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation enabled spatial identification of sites of greater and lesser potential erosion risk, which enabling the estimation of soil loss rates throughout the Uberaba River Environmental Protection Area.
  • ItemResenha
    Properties Controlling Phosphorus Adsorption and Stability in Amazonian Agro-Industrial Waste Biochars: a Multivariate Approach
    (2023-06-01) Canteral, Kleve Freddy Ferreira [UNESP]; Dias, Yan Nunes; Fernandes, Antonio Rodrigues; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Vale Institute of Technology; Federal Rural University of the Amazon
    The application of biochar from agro-industrial residues of the Amazon is a key strategy to optimize the use of phosphorus (P) in agriculture and provide the proper management of these materials. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the chemical constituents of biochars from açaí seeds (BA), Brazil nut shells (BN) and palm kernel cake (BK) with phosphorus adsorption to identify the main properties that control this process and the thermochemical stability of carbon (C). Biochars were produced under slow pyrolysis (3.33 ºC min–1) at 700 ºC and evaluated regarding their physicochemical properties, elemental composition and maximum P adsorption capacity (qm). The interrelationship between the properties of the biochars was described by multivariate techniques: factor analysis (FA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. The multivariate approach allowed the analysis of the properties of biochars associated with qm and provided the differentiation between the biochars derived from different agro-industrial residues. FA and CCA indicated a high association (r ≥ 0.93; p < 0.05) of qm with ash content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and nitrogen (N) content. Therefore, small increments in these attributes can cause variation in the rate of P adsorption. The heatmap allowed the identification of greater similarities between BA and BN; and greater contrast between qm with the aromaticity indices H/C and O/C and the polarity index (O + N)/C. Our results indicate that these biochars have the potential to adsorb P, increase the thermochemical stability of C in soil and represent a sustainable alternative for waste management of eastern Amazon. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
  • ItemArtigo
    Irrigation management of common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits
    (2022-01-01) Coelho, Anderson Prates [UNESP]; de Faria, Rogério Teixeira [UNESP]; Lemos, Leandro Borges [UNESP]; Dos Reis, Maria Albertina Monteiro [UNESP]; Filla, Vinicius Augusto [UNESP]; Bertino, Antonio Michael Pereira [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    A study was undertaken comparing the water requirements of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars to generate specific recommendations aimed at optimizing water use. To accomplish this work, the agronomic performance, responsiveness to water and water productivity of these two common bean cultivars of determinate and indeterminate growth habits were identified. The 2-year experiment was carried out during the winter growing season in the southeast of Brazil. Cultivars IAC Imperador, with an early season of determinate growth habit, and IPR Campos Gerais, having a mid-season of indeterminate growth habit, were subjected to five irrigation levels (54, 70, 77, 100, and 132 % of the crop evapotranspiration). Water deficit affected agronomic performance, reducing plant height (by up to 29 %), leaf area index (by up to 40 %), soil cover fraction (by up to 28 %), and grain yield (GY-by up to 31 %), in both cultivars. In contrast, excess water was more detrimental to cultivar IAC Imperador. Cultivar IPR Campos Gerais produced 18 % more than GY, showing superior water productivity and response to irrigation depth than IAC Imperador. Out of all the variables evaluated, the soil cover fraction correlated the most with grain yield in both common bean cultivars during the 2-year study. In other words, cover fraction evaluation in common bean allows for estimating crop production potential, which helps producers and technicians in their decision making regarding management practices. Thus, a cultivar directly affects water use in common bean production, thereby suggesting the need for a or water conservation strategy and sustainability of irrigated common bean production.
  • ItemArtigo
    Machine learning for prediction of soil CO2 emission in tropical forests in the Brazilian Cerrado
    (2023-05-01) Canteral, Kleve Freddy Ferreira [UNESP]; Vicentini, Maria Elisa [UNESP]; de Lucena, Wanderson Benerval [UNESP]; de Moraes, Mário Luiz Teixeira [UNESP]; Montanari, Rafael [UNESP]; Ferraudo, Antonio Sergio [UNESP]; Peruzzi, Nelson José [UNESP]; La Scala, Newton [UNESP]; Panosso, Alan Rodrigo [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Soil CO2 emission (FCO2) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle, but it is a source of great uncertainty due to the great spatial and temporal variability. Modeling of soil respiration can strongly contribute to reducing the uncertainties associated with the sources and sinks of carbon in the soil. In this study, we compared five machine learning (ML) models to predict the spatiotemporal variability of FCO2 in three reforested areas: eucalyptus (RE), pine (RP) and native species (RNS). The study also included a generalized scenario (GS) where all the data from RE, RP and RNS were included in one dataset. The ML models include generalized regression neural network (GRNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and random forest (RF). Initially, we had 32 attributes and after pre-processing, including Pearson’s correlation, canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and biophysical justification, only 21 variables remained. We used as input variables 19 soil properties and climate variables in reforested areas of eucalyptus, pine and native species. RF was the best model to predict soil respiration to RE [adjusted coefficient of determination (R2 adj): 0.70 and root mean square error (RMSE): 1.02 µmol m−2 s−1], RP (R2 adj: 0.48 and RMSE: 1.07 µmol m−2 s−1) and GS (R2 adj: 0.70 and RMSE: 1.05 µmol m−2 s−1). Our findings support that RF and GRNN are promising for predicting soil respiration of reforested areas which could help to identify and monitor potential sources and sinks of the main additional greenhouse gas over ecosystems. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
  • ItemArtigo
    Identification of copy number variations in the genome of Dairy Gir cattle
    (2023-04-01) Braga, Larissa G. [UNESP]; Chud, Tatiane C.S.; Watanabe, Rafael N. [UNESP]; Savegnago, Rodrigo P.; Sena, Thomaz M. [UNESP]; do Carmo, Adriana S.; Machado, Marco A.; Panetto, João Cláudio do C.; da Silva, Marcos Vinicius G.B.; Munari, Danísio P. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Guelph; Michigan State University; Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)
    Studying structural variants that can control complex traits is relevant for dairy cattle production, especially for animals that are tolerant to breeding conditions in the tropics, such as the Dairy Gir cattle. This study identified and characterized high confidence copy number variation regions (CNVR) in the Gir breed genome. A total of 38 animals were whole-genome sequenced, and 566 individuals were genotyped with a high-density SNP panel, among which 36 animals had both sequencing and SNP genotyping data available. Two sets of high confidence CNVR were established: one based on common CNV identified in the studied population (CNVR_POP), and another with CNV identified in sires with both sequence and SNP genotyping data available (CNVR_ANI). We found 10 CNVR_POP and 45 CNVR_ANI, which covered 1.05 Mb and 4.4 Mb of the bovine genome, respectively. Merging these CNV sets for functional analysis resulted in 48 unique high confidence CNVR. The overlapping genes were previously related to embryonic mortality, environmental adaptation, evolutionary process, immune response, longevity, mammary gland, resistance to gastrointestinal parasites, and stimuli recognition, among others. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the Gir breed genome. Moreover, the CNV identified in this study can potentially affect genes related to complex traits, such as production, health, and reproduction.
  • ItemArtigo
    THE TIME TO IRRIGATE A BATATAL GRASS USING WATER STRESS DAILY INDEX
    (2022-09-30) Turco, Jose Eduardo Pitelli [UNESP]; Furlani, Carlos Eduardo Angelini [UNESP]; Oliveira, Jean Lucas Pereira [UNESP]; Cardoso, José Ricardo Ferreira [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    With this study, the objective was to study the Water Stress Daily Index (WSDI) of batatal grass to establish a value that determines the ideal time for irrigation. They were evaluated environmental weather data, water stress index plants using an infrared thermometer, and water potential in the soil. The research was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences FCAV/UNESP Jaboticabal Campus, in the winter period of 2019. An experiment was installed containing two treatments: T1-without irrigation, T2-irrigation performed according to the sum of the culture evaporation and irrigated when the available water capacity of the soil reached 50%, and T3-irrigation performed according to the sum of the culture evaporation keeping the soil always at field capacity. They were made 16 readings for each treatment by measuring the temperature of the vegetation cover and air temperature, held near solar noon, with the use of an infrared thermometer. The analysis was performed on the spot. According to the results, the average value of the WSDI is 8.8°C, to irrigate the T2 treatment.
  • ItemArtigo
    High spatial resolution solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and its relation to rainfall precipitation across Brazilian ecosystems
    (2023-02-01) da Costa, Luis Miguel [UNESP]; de Mendonça, Gislaine Costa [UNESP]; Araújo Santos, Gustavo André de; Moraes, José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de [UNESP]; Colombo, Roberto; Panosso, Alan Rodrigo [UNESP]; La Scala, Newton [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Science and Technology of Maranhão – IFMA; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM); University of Milano-Bicocca
    The detection of Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) by remote sensing has opened new perspectives on ecosystem studies and other related aspects such as photosynthesis. In general, fluorescence high-resolution studies were limited to proximal sensors, but new approaches were developed to improve SIF resolution by combining OCO-2 with MODIS orbital observations, improving its resolution from 0.5° to 0.05 on a global scale. Using a high-resolution dataset and rainfall data some SIF characteristics of the satellite were studied based across 06 contrasting ecosystems in Brazil: Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal, from years 2015–2018. SIF spatial variability in each biome presented significant spatial variability structures with high R2 values (>0.6, Gaussian models) in all studied years. The rainfall maps were positively and similar related to SIF spatial distribution and were able to explain more than 40% of SIF's spatial variability. The Amazon biome presented the higher SIF values (>0.4 W m−2 sr−1 μm−1) and also the higher annual rainfall precipitation (around 2000 mm), while Caatinga had the lowest SIF values and precipitations (<0.1 W m−2 sr−1 μm−1, precipitation around 500 mm). The linear relationship of SIF to rainfall across biomes was mostly significant (except in Pantanal) and presented contrasting sensitivities as in Caatinga SIF was mostly affected while in the Amazon, SIF was lesser affected by precipitation events. We believe that the features presented here indicate that SIF could be highly affected by rainfall precipitation changes in some Brazilian biomes. Combining rainfall with SIF allowed us to detect the differences and similarities across Brazil's biomes improving our understanding on how these ecosystems could be affected by climate change and severe weather conditions.
  • ItemArtigo
    Is localized soil tillage in the planting row a sustainable alternative for sugarcane cultivation?
    (2022-01-01) Mazaron, Bruno Henrique Silveira [UNESP]; Coelho, Anderson Prates [UNESP]; Fernandes, Carolina [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of the soils by evaluating the variation of soil penetration resistance, resulting from tillage with chiseling in the planting row and in total area, and the possible interferences of the managements in sugarcane yield. The study was carried out in southeastern Brazil, in areas under Oxisol and Ultisol, which are the two soils with the greatest representativeness of sugarcane cultivation in the country. The treatments consisted of soil tillage in total area and localized tillage in the sugarcane planting row, with 10 replicates. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.40-m soil layers in sugarcane rows and interrows in both soil types for penetration resistance determination in laboratory. Samplings were carried out at three times, the first after soil tillage, the second after sugarcane planting, and the third six months after planting. Compared to the system with tillage in total area, localized tillage promoted higher values of soil penetration resistance in sugarcane interrows. However, this was not enough to reduce the crop yield. In the planting row, there are no differences between tillage types for soil penetration resistance. Localized soil tillage in sugarcane crop is a conservation and sustainable alternative that can replace soil tillage in total area, not interfering in the PR determined in the crop row and not altering the stem yield, regardless of the soil type.
  • ItemArtigo
    Atmospheric CO2, soil carbon stock and control variables in managed and degraded pastures in central Brazil
    (2022-11-01) Odorizzi de Campos, Marcelo [UNESP]; Pellegrino Cerri, Carlos Eduardo; La Scala, Newton [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    Brazil has 166 million hectares of pastures, 58.8% (97.6 million hectares) of which are in some degree of degradation. Besides the low animal support capacity and vegetative yield, degraded pastures also contribute significantly to soil carbon losses, through CO2 emission. This study aimed to understand the temporal dynamics of atmospheric CO2 in contrast between degraded pastures (DP) and managed pastures (MP) in the Cerrado Brazil biome. Using the Pasture Atlas and 6-year time series, the variables were collected under the pasture classes: column-average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (xCO2), Soil Carbon Stock (SCS), as well as Solar-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) as vegetative characteristics, and Land Surface Temperature Amplitude (LST Amplitude) and Precipitation as climatic aspects. Except for xCO2, MP was significantly different from DP with higher SIF, NDVI, LAI, Precipitation, and SCS, but smaller LST Amplitude. The hypothesis test (Student t-test p < 0.05) results indicate higher Precipitation and SCS in MP when compared to DP due to its positive effect of higher vegetative values. Linear regression and Pearson's correlation analysis indicate that xCO2 negatively relates to the precipitation and vegetative variables (NDVI, LAI, and SIF), but positively with LST Amplitude and SCS. Soil carbon stock obtained a significant xCO2 relationship (p < 0.001) only in the DP, suggesting that the environmental stress experienced by degraded pastures impacts soil carbon losses as a source of CO2. Therefore, this study concludes that DP with carbon stored in the soil is the main source of CO2 for the atmosphere when compared to MP. So, if the necessary care is not taken, the organic carbon from these degraded pastures will be lost to the atmosphere as CO2. These findings may favor nature-based solutions indicating that proper pasture management is an important aspect to mitigate emissions and improving soil carbon content helping to mitigate atmospheric CO2.
  • ItemArtigo
    Biochars from agro-industrial residues of the Amazon: an ecological alternative to enhance the use of phosphorus in agriculture
    (2023-05-01) Canteral, Kleve Freddy Ferreira [UNESP]; Dias, Yan Nunes; Fernandes, Antonio Rodrigues; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Sustainable Development
    The growth of the world population requires greater agricultural production, which consequently increases the demand for phosphorus-based (P-based) compounds and the generation of agro-industrial residues. Biochar is an effective alternative for the recovery and reuse of P-based species, as well to mitigate the generation of environmental liabilities and provide adequate disposal for agro-industrial residues. This study investigates the phosphate adsorption capacity of biochars produced with residues of açaí seeds (BA), Brazil nut shell (BN) and palm kernel cake (BK) and the relationship with their chemical constituents. Biochars were produced at 700 ºC to evaluate the physicochemical properties, elemental composition, contact time and influence of pH on phosphate adsorption. The solid/liquid contact time varied from 1 to 24 h and the adsorption of phosphorus species on biochar was strongly pH dependent (p < 0.05) between the biochars (BN > BA > BK). The Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption process (R2 ≥ 0.90) and showed high efficiency in phosphate removal in aqueous solution (BA: 92.34; BN: 123.55 and BK: 79.46 mg g–1). The heterogeneity of mineral constituents was emphasized by principal component analysis and indicated that phosphate adsorption on biochars is highly and directly associated with carbon (C) content, cation exchange capacity and pH and inversely related to nitrogen (N) content, yield, point of zero charge, (O + N)/C and ash content. Therefore, these biochars constitute promising materials for phosphate adsorption and present potential to be applied to soil as a source of P in the form of biofertilizer. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    Congenital malformations in brachycephalic dogs: A retrospective study
    (2022-10-04) Estevam, Marina Vilela [UNESP]; Beretta, Samara [UNESP]; Smargiassi, Nathalia F.; Apparício, Maricy [UNESP]; Toniollo, Gilson Helio [UNESP]; Pereira, Gener T. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    The popularity of brachycephalic dogs has increased in recent years due to their docile temperament and peculiar features. The historical inbreeding and consequent lack of genetic diversity involved in the development of these breeds led to an increase in the manifestation of deleterious genes that may lead to malformations. In addition, there are serious health issues intrinsic to the conformation, mainly attributed to these extreme characteristics. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to observe the frequency of malformations in brachycephalic dogs compared to the pure and mixed breeds (MB). The medical records of pregnant bitches admitted at the Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA) from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrieved from the hospital's computer system and analyzed one by one. Seven hundred sixty-eight neonates born from 168 litters were included in this study. Of these litters, 72.6% (122/168) were brachycephalic. Malformations were found in 52 puppies, with an incidence of 6.77% (52/768). Of the 32 litters that produced malformed puppies, 28 were brachycephalic (87.5%). In total, 23 types of malformations were registered, the most common being cleft palate (1.30%) and anasarca (1.17%). Ten of the puppies (10/52; 19.23%) presented two or more associated malformations. Bitches above 7 years were more prone to present malformed puppies in their litters. Brachycephalic breeds were 3.03 times more likely to present malformed neonates when compared to other breeds; the odds ratio increased to 5.07 when modern brachycephalic was compared to ancestral brachycephalic. Regarding the mode of delivery, elective cesarean sections accounted for 66.6% of births while 19.64% were eutocic vaginal deliveries, and 13.69% were dystocic. The presence of malformed puppies in a litter causes suffering for the owner, the bitch and for the puppy itself, therefore, the veterinarian plays a key role in this scenario. Knowledge about congenital abnormalities, their causes, diagnosis, and approach is essential to reduce the incidence of malformations and improve the quality of life of these animals.
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    YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATED CUPUAÇU TREES UNDER THE CLIMATE CONDITIONS OF CASTANHAL-PA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON
    (2022-03-28) Costa, Deborah Luciany Pires; Vieira, IGOR CRISTIAN DE OLIVEIRA [UNESP]; Teixeira, ERIKA DE OLIVEIRA; Silva, Matheus Yan Freitas; Velame, MARIA DE LOURDES ALCÂNTARA; DE SOUZA, PAULO JORGE DE OLIVEIRA PONTE; Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Cupuaçu tree is a promising species for the sustainable development of Amazonian agriculture. However, it is still in the domestication phase and requires phytotechnical studies to optimize fruit production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of cupuaçu trees under different levels of water availability in the municipality of Castanhal-PA. The experiment was performed between 2018 and 2020 during two harvests, using micro-sprinkler irrigation in a 0.3 ha plantation of the BRS-Carimbó cupuaçu cultivar. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and 10 replications. The treatments were: TS (without irrigation-rainfed), T50, T100, and T150, referring to 50%, 100%, and 150% of the reference evapotranspiration, respectively. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were performed by the Tukey test (p<0.05), in addition to regression analysis. The results showed better performance in response to T100, which had fruit production 68% higher than TS. The results of yield and WUE were adjusted by polynomial regression, with maximum WUE for T100 (2.615 kg ha-1 mm-1) and minimum for TS (1.105 kg ha-1 mm-1). Therefore, irrigation must be equal to 100% of the reference evapotranspiration in cupuaçu plantations.
  • ItemArtigo
    Do the previous crop and top-dressing nitrogen fertilization change the yield and physiological and sanitary quality of common bean seeds?
    (2022-01-01) da Cunha-Chiamolera, Tatiana Pagan Loeiro [UNESP]; Lemos, Leandro Borges [UNESP]; Coelho, Anderson Prates [UNESP]; Mingotte, Fábio Luiz Checchio [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    The aim was to evaluate the effects of previous crop and top-dressing nitrogen fertilization on the yield and physiological and sanitary quality of common bean seeds. The design used was in randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were represented by three previous crops (sole maize, maize + Urochloa ruziziensis and sole U. ruziziensis), preceding common bean. The subplots consisted of N doses (urea) applied as top-dressing (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N.ha-1) when the common bean had four expanded leaves. Physiological quality and sanitary quality of the seeds were evaluated through germination tests, first count, emergence speed index, accelerated aging, seedling emergence in the field and pathogen incidence, in addition to crude protein content, 100-seed weight and yield. The study factors did not interfere in the sanitary quality of the seeds. Under U. ruziziensis straw, the highest seed yield was obtained with the N dose of 115 kg.ha-1, while under sole maize and intercropping straw, the increase in yield was linear. Previous crop with U. ruziziensis, whether cultivated as sole crop or intercropped with maize, promotes greater physiological quality of common bean seeds, while top-dressing nitrogen fertilization does not interfere with quality, weight and protein content of the seeds.