Avaliação de células germinativas e células de Sertoli em modelo experimental de criptorquidia e orquidopexia
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Data
2016-01-27
Autores
Gomide, Lígia Maria Micai [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Criptorquidia, ou não descida testicular, é uma das anormalidades urogenitais mais comum em meninos recém-nascidos e um dos principais fatores de risco para a infertilidade e câncer testicular. Tem sido proposto que o criptorquidismo, baixa qualidade espermática, hipospádia e tumor testicular de células germinativas (TTCG) compreendem a síndrome de disgenesia testicular (SDT), que tem origem comum durante a vida fetal. A criptorquidia induz degeneração do epitélio seminífero com depleção de células germinativas, distúrbios em células de Leydig e de Sertoli e diminuição do diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos. A correcção cirúrgica da criptorquidia (orquidopexia) tem sido utilizada a fim de diminuir o risco de infertilidade e câncer testicular. No entanto, o melhor tempo para realizar esta cirurgia, a fim de obter os melhores resultados tem sido uma preocupação. Além disso, não existe um modelo experimental disponível na literatura que explore alterações morfológicas testiculares associadas à criptorquidia e orquidopexia. Neste estudo, criptorquidismo foi induzido em ratos Sprague-Dawley com 3 semanas de vida; orquidopexia foi realizada em três momentos diferentes (3, 5 e 9 semanas após a cirurgia de criptorquidia), e os animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados após 3 e 8 semanas de recuperação. As análises histológicas e estimativas quantitativas como a média do diâmetro do túbulo seminífero (MSTD), incidência de vacúolos no epitélio, e o número de células de Sertoli por túbulo, alepm da imunoistoquímica para citoqueratina 18 foram realizados para avaliar alterações testiculares após as cirurgias de criptorquidia e orquidopexia. A criptorquidia provocou degeneração e esfoliação de células germinativas, aumento da incidência de vacúolos intra-epiteliais e diminuição da MSTD e dos pesos dos testículos. No grupo de recuperação de 3 semanas, muitas das alterações constatadas na criptorquidia ainda estavam presentes, a gravidade destas alterações foi proporcional ao período em que os testículos permaneceram na cavidade abdominal até orquidopexia. Após o período de recuperação de 8 semanas, a orquidopexia reverteu quase todas as alterações, independentemente do momento cirúrgico em que foi realizada. Em conclusão, a intensidade dos danos no testículo foi maior nos animais que permaneceram criptorquídicos por mais tempo, sem alterações no número de células de Sertoli, mas com uma provável perturbação da sua função. O modelo adotado pode ser útil para estudar alterações testiculares induzidas pelo criptorquidismo e a recuperação potencial do testículo de ratos após orquidopexia.
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities in newborn boys and one of the main risk factors for infertility and testicular cancer. It has been proposed that cryptorchidism, low sperm quality, hypospadia and testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) comprise the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) and that they have a common origin during the fetal life. Cryptorchidism induces seminiferous epithelium degeneration with germ cell depletion, Leydig and Sertoli cell disorders and decreased tubule diameter. The surgical correction of cryptorchidism (orchidopexy) has been applied in order to decrease the risk for infertility and testicular cancer. However, the best moment to perform this surgery in order to obtain successful results has been a concern. Moreover, there is no experimental model available in the literature that explores comprehensively testicular morphological alterations associated to cryptorchidism and orchidopexy. In this study, cryptorchidism was induced in 3-week old Sprague-Dawley rats; orchidopexy was performed at three different moments (3, 5 and 9 weeks after cryptorchidism surgery), and the animals of each group were sacrificed after 3 and 8 weeks of recovery. Histological analyses, and quantitative estimates such as seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD), incidence of vacuoles in the tubules, and number of Sertoli cells per tubule, and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 18 were performed to evaluate testicular alterations after cryptorchidism and orchidopexy surgeries. Cryptorchidism induced germ cell degeneration and exfoliation, increased incidence of intraepithelial vacuoles and decreased MSTD and testes weights. In the 3-week recovery group, many of the alterations seen in cryptorchidism were still present, the severity of these alterations being proportional to the period the testes remained in abdominal cavity until orchidopexy. After the 8-week recovery period, orchidopexy reversed almost all of the alterations irrespective the surgical moment it was performed. In conclusion, the intensity of the damages in the testis was greater in those animals that remained cryptorchid for a longer time, with no alterations in the number of Sertoli cells but with a probable disruption of its function. The adopted model can be useful to study testicular alterations induced by cryptorchidism and the potential recovery of rat testis after orchidopexy.
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities in newborn boys and one of the main risk factors for infertility and testicular cancer. It has been proposed that cryptorchidism, low sperm quality, hypospadia and testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) comprise the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) and that they have a common origin during the fetal life. Cryptorchidism induces seminiferous epithelium degeneration with germ cell depletion, Leydig and Sertoli cell disorders and decreased tubule diameter. The surgical correction of cryptorchidism (orchidopexy) has been applied in order to decrease the risk for infertility and testicular cancer. However, the best moment to perform this surgery in order to obtain successful results has been a concern. Moreover, there is no experimental model available in the literature that explores comprehensively testicular morphological alterations associated to cryptorchidism and orchidopexy. In this study, cryptorchidism was induced in 3-week old Sprague-Dawley rats; orchidopexy was performed at three different moments (3, 5 and 9 weeks after cryptorchidism surgery), and the animals of each group were sacrificed after 3 and 8 weeks of recovery. Histological analyses, and quantitative estimates such as seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD), incidence of vacuoles in the tubules, and number of Sertoli cells per tubule, and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 18 were performed to evaluate testicular alterations after cryptorchidism and orchidopexy surgeries. Cryptorchidism induced germ cell degeneration and exfoliation, increased incidence of intraepithelial vacuoles and decreased MSTD and testes weights. In the 3-week recovery group, many of the alterations seen in cryptorchidism were still present, the severity of these alterations being proportional to the period the testes remained in abdominal cavity until orchidopexy. After the 8-week recovery period, orchidopexy reversed almost all of the alterations irrespective the surgical moment it was performed. In conclusion, the intensity of the damages in the testis was greater in those animals that remained cryptorchid for a longer time, with no alterations in the number of Sertoli cells but with a probable disruption of its function. The adopted model can be useful to study testicular alterations induced by cryptorchidism and the potential recovery of rat testis after orchidopexy.
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Palavras-chave
Testículos - cirurgia, Criptorquidismo, Fatores de risco, Estudos experimentais, Células de Sertoli