Desempenho de bovinos cruzados terminados em confinamento e qualidade dos músculos longissimus e semitendinosus in natura e maturados
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Data
2016-02-04
Autores
Ferrari, Fábio Borba [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O cruzamento entre raças bovinas e a maturação da carne podem contribuir para o aumento da produtividade e da qualidade da carne produzida no País. Nesse trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho em confinamento e características de carcaça e da carne de machos castrados e fêmeas de diferentes grupos genéticos. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, no município de São Carlos, São Paulo. Foram utilizados 124 bezerros (72 machos e 52 fêmeas) filhos de touros das raças Canchim, Bonsmara ou Brangus e vacas Nelore, ½ Angus + ½ Nelore ou ½ Senepol + ½ Nelore, nascidos do final de setembro de 2012 a início de janeiro de 2013. Durante toda a fase de cria dos bezerros, as vacas permaneceram em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu adubadas, em pastejo rotacionado no período das águas e suplementação volumosa no período seco. Entre o desmame (julho a agosto de 2013) e o final do período seco (outubro/novembro de 2013) os animais dos nove grupos genéticos foram mantidos em piquetes de capim mombaça, suplementados com silagem de milho (5 a 8 kg/animal/dia) e 1,0 kg de concentrado, em grupos separados por sexo. Os animais machos foram castrados aos 16 meses de idade e, juntamente com as fêmeas, foram submetidos a confinamento, aos 18 meses de idade aproximadamente. O confinamento, iniciado em 03/06/2014, foi realizado em oito baias coletivas providas de bebedouro e de dois cochos eletrônicos cada uma. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram peso e acabamento adequados. Após divisão das carcaças e resfriamento por 24 horas (2 a 4 °C) em câmara frigorífica, foram retirados o contrafilé com osso na seção da 6ª até 12a costela do traseiro esquerdo e o semitendinosus foi retirado inteiro durante a desossa. Foram estudadas características de desempenho (pesos, ganhos em peso, consumo de alimento e eficiência alimentar) no confinamento, características da carcaça (pesos, rendimentos, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, cortes cárneos) e da carne (força de cisalhamento, pH, cor, capacidade de retenção de água, perda por cozimento, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, colágeno, proteína solúvel, oxidação lipídica, comprimento do sarcômero, colesterol, perfil de ácidos graxos e cor da gordura), algumas delas medidas apenas na carne in natura e outras também após maturação por 7 e 14 dias. Os dados foram analisados pelo procedimento MIXED, cujos modelos estatísticos incluíram os efeitos fixos de raça do touro (RT), grupo genético da vaca (GGV), sexo, músculo, tempo de maturação (TM; medida repetida) e suas interações, além dos efeitos aleatórios de animal aninhado em RT - GGV - sexo e residuais, dependendo da característica. Apenas o sexo do animal apresentou efeitos significativos sobre o peso de abate e o ganho médio diário, com os machos apresentando médias maiores do que as fêmeas, permanecendo também menos tempo em confinamento. Apenas GGV apresentou efeito significativo sobre o ganho de peso da desmama até o pré-confinamento, com os filhos das vacas ½ Angus + ½ Nelore apresentando a menor média. Para o peso de entrada em confinamento e a eficiência alimentar, nenhuma das variáveis principais mostrou efeito significativo. Apenas RT apresentou efeito significativo sobre o consumo de matéria seca diário por quilograma de peso vivo, sendo que os filhos de touros Brangus apresentaram a maior média. Os machos, os filhos dos touros canchins e os filhos das vacas nelores e ½ Angus + ½ Nelore apresentaram médias superiores aos demais para as características pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria. Para a espessura de gordura subcutânea, os machos e os filhos de touros canchins apresentaram as menores médias. A área de olho de lombo foi influenciada pelo sexo, com os machos apresentando a maior média. Apesar desses efeitos principais para as características de desempenho e de carcaça, algumas interações entre sexo e, principalmente, GGV ocorreram. Com respeito aos rendimentos de traseiro e de seus cortes, houve efeito de raça de touro para o rendimento de traseiro frio (RTRF), de filé mignon, de picanha (RPIC), de coxão mole, de coxão duro, de patinho (RPAT) e de fraldão, enquanto que o grupo genético da vaca influenciou apenas RPIC e RPAT e o sexo influenciou apenas RTRF e RPAT. Não houve efeito significativo de RT, GGV e sexo sobre as características comprimento de sarcômero (SARC), proteína, extrato etéreo, matéria mineral e umidade. Dessas características, o músculo influenciou apenas SARC, sendo maior para o músculo semitendinosus em relação ao longissimus. O colesterol (CLT), os ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) e monoinsaturados (AGMI) e o índice de aterogenicidade (ATERO) também só foram influenciados pelo tipo de músculo, enquanto os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGP) não foram afetados pelos efeitos principais do modelo. CLT, AGS e ATERO foram maiores para o músculo longissimus, enquanto AGMI foi maior no semitendinosus. Apesar de algumas interações duplas significativas, principalmente envolvendo o sexo do animal, a força de cisalhamento (FC) foi influenciada por RT, GGV, sexo, TM e músculo, o índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (IFM) foi influenciado por TM e músculo, a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) foi influenciada por RT, GGV, TM e músculo, a perda por cozimento (PPC) foi influenciada por GGV, sexo, TM e músculo, o pH foi influenciado por sexo, TM e músculo e o colágeno foi influenciado apenas por TM. A força de cisalhamento foi maior para a carne dos filhos de touros da raça Canchim, para o músculo longissimus e, desconsiderando as interações GGV - sexo e sexo - TM, para os filhos de vacas nelores e para as fêmeas. O IFM aumentou com a maturação da carne e o músculo semitendinosus apresentou menor IFM, apesar de ter sido mais macio. Menor CRA ocorreu para os filhos de touros Bonsmara, filhos de vacas ½ Angus + ½ Nelore, para o músculo semitendinosus e, apesar da interação sexo - TM, houve redução de CRA com a maturação da carne. A maior PPC ocorreu na carne dos machos, na carne maturada por 14 dias e no semitendinosus. O maior pH foi para o músculo longissimus e CLT aumentou com a maturação. A maior luminosidade da gordura foi para os filhos de touros das raças Bonsmara e Brangus, enquanto a maior luminosidade da carne foi para os filhos de touros Brangus, para os machos, para o semitendinosus e para a carne maturada por 7 e 14 dias. A utilização de touros canchins pode melhorar a eficiência de produção, uma vez que seus filhos foram mais eficientes, consumiram menos alimento e promoveram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, de traseiro e de cortes de traseiro, o que eleva o volume de carne processada. O processo de maturação da carne foi eficiente, sendo que 7 dias de maturação foram suficientes para melhorar a maciez em até 50% em ambos os músculos. Touros das raças Bonsmara e Brangus podem ser usados para produzir carne mais macia. O músculo semitendinosus se apresentou mais saudável do que o longissimus, em função do menor índice de aterogenicidade.
Crossbreeding and aging may contribute to increase beef cattle productivity and meat quality in Brazil. The objective in this study was to evaluate performance and carcass and meat traits of crossbred male and female cattle finished on feedlot. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Southeast Livestock, in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. One hundred and twenty four calves (72 males and 52 females), the offspring of Nelore, ½ Angus + ½ Nelore and ½ Senepol + ½ Nelore cows, and Canchim, Bonsmara and Brangus bulls, born from September 2012 to January 2013, were used. During the cow-calf period, the cows were maintained in fertilized Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures, with supplementation during the dry period. From weaning (July/August 2013) to the end of the dry period (October/November 2013) the animals of the nine genetic groups were maintained in Mombaça grass pastures, with supplementation of corn silage (5 to 8 kg/animal/day) and 1.0 kg concentrate. The males were castrated at 16 months of age and, with the females, were feedlot at about 18 months of age. The feedlot, starting in 06/03/2014, was in eight collective (multiple animals) paddocks with water supply and two electronic feeders each. The animals were slaughtered when they reached adequate weight and finishing. After division of the carcasses and chilling for 24 hours (2 to 4 °C) in a chamber, a boned tender loin section (6th to 12th rib) and the semitendinosus muscle were obtained. Samples of these two muscles were taken for the analyses of quality as fresh and after aging for 7 and 14 days. Feedlot performance (body weights, gains, feed consumption, feed efficiency), carcass (weights, yields, rib eye area, backfat thickness, cuts yield), and meat (shear force, pH, color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, myofibril fragmentation index, collagen, soluble protein, lipid oxidation, sarcomere length, cholesterol, fatty acid profile and fat color) traits, some of them in fresh meat and other in aged meat too, were analyzed. The data were analyzed by the MIXED procedure, with models that included the fixed effects of breed of bull (RT), cow genetic group (GGV), sex, muscle, aging time (TM; repeated measure), and their interactions, besides the random animal within RT - GGV - Sex and residual effects, depending on the trait studied. Only sex showed significant effect on slaughter weight and daily gain, with males showing higher means, staying shorter time on feedlot. Only GGV showed significant effect on gain from weaning to the beginning of feedlot, with the offspring of the ½ Angus + ½ Nelore cows showing the lowest mean. For initial weight and feed conversion, there was no significant main effect. Only RT presented significant effect on dry matter daily consumption, with the offspring of the Brangus bulls showing the highest mean. The males, the offspring of Canchim bulls, and the offspring of the ½ Angus + ½ Nelore cows showed higher means for warm and cold carcass weights and yields. For backfat thickness, the males and the offspring of the Canchim bulls showed the lowest means. Rib eye area was affected by sex, the males showing the highest mean. Despite these main effects for the performance and carcass traits, some interactions between sex and, mainly, GGV occurred. There were RT effects for cold hindquarter yield and some of its cuts yield, while GGV affected only a few of hindquarter cuts yield. There was no effect of RT, GGV and sex for sarcomere length (SARC), protein, fatty acids, mineral and humidity. Of these traits, muscle affected only SARC, the semitendinosus showing higher mean. Cholesterol (CLT), saturated (AGS) and monounsaturated (AGMI) fatty acids, and aterogenicity index (ATERO) were also affected by muscle only, while polyunsaturated (AGP) fatty acids were not affected by the main effects considered in the model. CLT, AGS and ATERO were higher for longissimus, while AGMI was higher for semitendinosus. Despite some double interactions, mainly involving sex, shear force (FC) was affected by RT, GGV, sex, TM and muscle, myofibril fragmentation index (IFM) was affected by TM and muscle, water holding capacity (CRA) was affected by RT, GGV, TM and muscle, cooking loss (PPC) was affected by GGV, sex, TM and muscle, pH was affected by sex, TM and muscle, and CLT was affected only by TM. FC was higher for meat from offspring of Canchim bulls, for the longissimus and, not considering the interactions GGV - sex and sex - TM, for the meat from Nelore cows' offspring and from females. IFM increased with aging and the semitendinosus muscle showed lower IFM, despite its higher tenderness. Lower CRA occurred for the offspring of Bonsmara bulls, the offspring of ½ Angus + ½ Nelore cows, for the semitendinosus muscle, and, despite the sex - TM interaction, there was a reduction in CRA with aging. PPC was higher for the meat from males, in 14 days aged meat, and from semitendinosus muscle. Higher pH was for the longissimus muscle, and CLT increased with aging. Fat luminosity was higher for meat from Bonsmara and Brangus sired animals, while meat luminosity was higher for meat from Brangus sired animals, from males, for the semitendinosus muscle, and for meat aged for 7 and 14 days. The use of Canchim bulls can improve efficiency of beef production, due to the fact that their offspring were more efficient, consumed less feed and produced more carcass yield. The aging process was efficient, with 7 days being enough to increase tenderness by 50% in both muscles. Bonsmara and Brangus bulls can be used to produce more tender meat. The semitendinosus muscle showed to be more healthy than the longissimus, due to its lower aterogenicity.
Crossbreeding and aging may contribute to increase beef cattle productivity and meat quality in Brazil. The objective in this study was to evaluate performance and carcass and meat traits of crossbred male and female cattle finished on feedlot. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Southeast Livestock, in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. One hundred and twenty four calves (72 males and 52 females), the offspring of Nelore, ½ Angus + ½ Nelore and ½ Senepol + ½ Nelore cows, and Canchim, Bonsmara and Brangus bulls, born from September 2012 to January 2013, were used. During the cow-calf period, the cows were maintained in fertilized Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures, with supplementation during the dry period. From weaning (July/August 2013) to the end of the dry period (October/November 2013) the animals of the nine genetic groups were maintained in Mombaça grass pastures, with supplementation of corn silage (5 to 8 kg/animal/day) and 1.0 kg concentrate. The males were castrated at 16 months of age and, with the females, were feedlot at about 18 months of age. The feedlot, starting in 06/03/2014, was in eight collective (multiple animals) paddocks with water supply and two electronic feeders each. The animals were slaughtered when they reached adequate weight and finishing. After division of the carcasses and chilling for 24 hours (2 to 4 °C) in a chamber, a boned tender loin section (6th to 12th rib) and the semitendinosus muscle were obtained. Samples of these two muscles were taken for the analyses of quality as fresh and after aging for 7 and 14 days. Feedlot performance (body weights, gains, feed consumption, feed efficiency), carcass (weights, yields, rib eye area, backfat thickness, cuts yield), and meat (shear force, pH, color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, myofibril fragmentation index, collagen, soluble protein, lipid oxidation, sarcomere length, cholesterol, fatty acid profile and fat color) traits, some of them in fresh meat and other in aged meat too, were analyzed. The data were analyzed by the MIXED procedure, with models that included the fixed effects of breed of bull (RT), cow genetic group (GGV), sex, muscle, aging time (TM; repeated measure), and their interactions, besides the random animal within RT - GGV - Sex and residual effects, depending on the trait studied. Only sex showed significant effect on slaughter weight and daily gain, with males showing higher means, staying shorter time on feedlot. Only GGV showed significant effect on gain from weaning to the beginning of feedlot, with the offspring of the ½ Angus + ½ Nelore cows showing the lowest mean. For initial weight and feed conversion, there was no significant main effect. Only RT presented significant effect on dry matter daily consumption, with the offspring of the Brangus bulls showing the highest mean. The males, the offspring of Canchim bulls, and the offspring of the ½ Angus + ½ Nelore cows showed higher means for warm and cold carcass weights and yields. For backfat thickness, the males and the offspring of the Canchim bulls showed the lowest means. Rib eye area was affected by sex, the males showing the highest mean. Despite these main effects for the performance and carcass traits, some interactions between sex and, mainly, GGV occurred. There were RT effects for cold hindquarter yield and some of its cuts yield, while GGV affected only a few of hindquarter cuts yield. There was no effect of RT, GGV and sex for sarcomere length (SARC), protein, fatty acids, mineral and humidity. Of these traits, muscle affected only SARC, the semitendinosus showing higher mean. Cholesterol (CLT), saturated (AGS) and monounsaturated (AGMI) fatty acids, and aterogenicity index (ATERO) were also affected by muscle only, while polyunsaturated (AGP) fatty acids were not affected by the main effects considered in the model. CLT, AGS and ATERO were higher for longissimus, while AGMI was higher for semitendinosus. Despite some double interactions, mainly involving sex, shear force (FC) was affected by RT, GGV, sex, TM and muscle, myofibril fragmentation index (IFM) was affected by TM and muscle, water holding capacity (CRA) was affected by RT, GGV, TM and muscle, cooking loss (PPC) was affected by GGV, sex, TM and muscle, pH was affected by sex, TM and muscle, and CLT was affected only by TM. FC was higher for meat from offspring of Canchim bulls, for the longissimus and, not considering the interactions GGV - sex and sex - TM, for the meat from Nelore cows' offspring and from females. IFM increased with aging and the semitendinosus muscle showed lower IFM, despite its higher tenderness. Lower CRA occurred for the offspring of Bonsmara bulls, the offspring of ½ Angus + ½ Nelore cows, for the semitendinosus muscle, and, despite the sex - TM interaction, there was a reduction in CRA with aging. PPC was higher for the meat from males, in 14 days aged meat, and from semitendinosus muscle. Higher pH was for the longissimus muscle, and CLT increased with aging. Fat luminosity was higher for meat from Bonsmara and Brangus sired animals, while meat luminosity was higher for meat from Brangus sired animals, from males, for the semitendinosus muscle, and for meat aged for 7 and 14 days. The use of Canchim bulls can improve efficiency of beef production, due to the fact that their offspring were more efficient, consumed less feed and produced more carcass yield. The aging process was efficient, with 7 days being enough to increase tenderness by 50% in both muscles. Bonsmara and Brangus bulls can be used to produce more tender meat. The semitendinosus muscle showed to be more healthy than the longissimus, due to its lower aterogenicity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Área de olho de lombo, Eficiência alimentar, Colesterol, Comprimento de sarcômero, Força de cisalhamento, Índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, Cholesterol, Feed efficiency, Myofibril fragmentation index, Rib eye area, Sarcomere length, Shear force