Processos de inclusão e exclusão escolar: um estudo em uma escola pública do ensino fundamental I utilizando o “Index para Inclusão”
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Data
2016-02-16
Autores
Menino-Mencia, Gislaine Ferreira [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A Educação Inclusiva, como uma nova proposta de cultura escolar que visa o desenvolvimento de uma escola "para todos", é um dos grandes desafios no cenário educacional. No cotidiano escolar, a cultura da homogeneização requer que cada equipe escolar se coloque como partícipe do processo, avaliando a escola que se tem com vistas à superação da cultura da exclusão. Neste universo da inclusão escolar, será necessário um novo olhar pedagógico de todos os envolvidos para o contexto escolar, não na busca de culpados pelas mazelas da educação mas na corresponsabilização pelo ensino e aprendizagem de todos. Assim, este estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar a concepção da equipe escolar, alunos e pais/responsáveis de uma escola de Ensino Fundamental sobre as práticas, políticas e culturas inclusivas, antes e depois de um programa de formação continuada, tendo como subsídio o "Index para inclusão". O estudo foi realizado em uma escola estadual de Ensino Fundamental-Ciclo I de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, tendo como participantes 16 professores e gestores da equipe escolar, 204 alunos divididos em 11 turmas e 179 pais. Tratou-se de um estudo quase-experimental, em que o procedimento de coleta de dados envolveu o desenvolvimento de um Programa de Formação Continuada, assim como a aplicação dos questionários do Index para todos os participantes envolvidos na pesquisa. Os dados quantitativos dos questionários foram tratados estatisticamente e demonstrados em tabelas, sendo que a análise das questões abertas dos questionários foi feita a partir da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados do estudo revelam significativas mudanças na forma de avaliar culturas, práticas e políticas inclusivas da primeira para a segunda aplicação do Index para Inclusão. Na análise da dimensão A – "Criando culturas inclusivas", a equipe escolar demonstra mudanças positivas em relação ao que estabelecem sobre valores inclusivos, ainda que não tenha apresentado diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Para a dimensão B – "Produzindo políticas inclusivas" que estabelece o desenvolvimento de uma escola para todos e o apoio à diversidade, os dados demonstram diferenças estatisticamente significativas de forma positiva da primeira para a segunda aplicação, do mesmo modo, a dimensão C – "Desenvolvendo praticas inclusivas" que estabelece os eixos construindo currículos para todos e orquestrando a aprendizagem, os resultados foram satisfatórios, demonstrando diferenças estatisticamente significativas. No tangente aos pais, os resultados apontaram um decréscimo nos valores da primeira para a segunda aplicação, demonstrando diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Acreditamos que tal decréscimo tenha ocorrido pelo fato de os pais não terem tempo hábil de perceber melhoras na escola e por responderam aos questionários baseados em concepções preestabelecidas anteriormente ao programa de formação com os professores. Quanto aos alunos, os resultados, em sua maioria, mostraram-se satisfatórios, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas; no entanto, a solicitação dos alunos em serem mais ouvidos apresentou-se como insatisfatória. Em relação à equipe escolar, os professores passaram a ter maior consciência da necessidade de mudanças na escola, olhando para todos os alunos com maior sensibilidade em uma reflexão de autoavaliação e de uma gestão democrática e participativa. Deste modo, este estudo apresentou limitações quanto ao desenvolvimento de um trabalho mais efetivo junto aos alunos e aos pais/responsáveis, assim como nos encontros com a equipe escolar. Assim, entendemos a necessidade de novos estudos e pesquisas voltados para o uso do documento Index para Inclusão como forma de apoiar o processo para a educação inclusiva.
Inclusive Education, as a new proposal of school culture that aims to develop a school "for all", is one of the greatest challenges in the educational setting. In everyday school life, the culture of homogenization requires that each school team places itself as a participant of the process by evaluating the school aiming to overcome the culture of exclusion. In this universe of school inclusion, a new pedagogical look at everyone involved in the school context, not in search of culprits for the ills of education but in co-responsibility for teaching and learning of all, will be needed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the conception of school staff, students and parents/guardians on practices, policies and inclusive cultures at an elementary school, before and after a continuing education program, based on "Index for Inclusion" (“Index para inclusão”). The study was conducted in Cycle I of a public school in a city in the state of São Paulo and had 16 teachers and managers of the school staff, 204 students divided into 11 groups and 179 parents as participants. It was a quasi-experimental study in which the data collection procedure involved the development of a Continuing Education Program, as well as the application of the Index questionnaires to all participants involved in the research. Quantitative data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed and presented in tables, and the analysis of the open questions of the questionnaire was carried out from the content analysis. The study results show significant changes in the way of evaluating cultures, inclusive practices and policies from the first to the second application of the “Index for Inclusion”. In the analysis of Dimension A – "Creating inclusive cultures", the school team demonstrates positive changes in relation to that set on inclusive values, although it has not shown statistically significant differences. For Dimension B – "Producing inclusive policies", that establishes the development of a school for all and support for diversity, the data show statistically significant differences in a positive way from the first to the second application. Similarly, Dimension C – "Developing inclusive practices", laying the axes for all building resumes and orchestrating learning, obtained satisfactory results, presenting statistically significant differences. In regard to parents, the results indicate a decrease in the values of the first to the second application with statistically significant differences. It is believed that this decrease has occurred because the parents had no time to realize improvements in school and answered the questionnaire based on pre-established concepts prior to the teachers training program. As for students, the results, in most cases, were satisfactory with statistically significant differences, however, the request of students in being more heard was still unsatisfactory. Regarding school staff, teachers have greater awareness of the need for changes in school now, looking at all students with greater sensitivity as a reflection of self-assessment and a democratic and participative management. Therefore, this study presents limitations on the development of a more effective work with students and parents / guardians, as well as in meetings with school staff. As a result, the need of further studies and research focused on the use of the “Index for Inclusion” document is understood as a way to support the process for inclusive education.
Inclusive Education, as a new proposal of school culture that aims to develop a school "for all", is one of the greatest challenges in the educational setting. In everyday school life, the culture of homogenization requires that each school team places itself as a participant of the process by evaluating the school aiming to overcome the culture of exclusion. In this universe of school inclusion, a new pedagogical look at everyone involved in the school context, not in search of culprits for the ills of education but in co-responsibility for teaching and learning of all, will be needed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the conception of school staff, students and parents/guardians on practices, policies and inclusive cultures at an elementary school, before and after a continuing education program, based on "Index for Inclusion" (“Index para inclusão”). The study was conducted in Cycle I of a public school in a city in the state of São Paulo and had 16 teachers and managers of the school staff, 204 students divided into 11 groups and 179 parents as participants. It was a quasi-experimental study in which the data collection procedure involved the development of a Continuing Education Program, as well as the application of the Index questionnaires to all participants involved in the research. Quantitative data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed and presented in tables, and the analysis of the open questions of the questionnaire was carried out from the content analysis. The study results show significant changes in the way of evaluating cultures, inclusive practices and policies from the first to the second application of the “Index for Inclusion”. In the analysis of Dimension A – "Creating inclusive cultures", the school team demonstrates positive changes in relation to that set on inclusive values, although it has not shown statistically significant differences. For Dimension B – "Producing inclusive policies", that establishes the development of a school for all and support for diversity, the data show statistically significant differences in a positive way from the first to the second application. Similarly, Dimension C – "Developing inclusive practices", laying the axes for all building resumes and orchestrating learning, obtained satisfactory results, presenting statistically significant differences. In regard to parents, the results indicate a decrease in the values of the first to the second application with statistically significant differences. It is believed that this decrease has occurred because the parents had no time to realize improvements in school and answered the questionnaire based on pre-established concepts prior to the teachers training program. As for students, the results, in most cases, were satisfactory with statistically significant differences, however, the request of students in being more heard was still unsatisfactory. Regarding school staff, teachers have greater awareness of the need for changes in school now, looking at all students with greater sensitivity as a reflection of self-assessment and a democratic and participative management. Therefore, this study presents limitations on the development of a more effective work with students and parents / guardians, as well as in meetings with school staff. As a result, the need of further studies and research focused on the use of the “Index for Inclusion” document is understood as a way to support the process for inclusive education.
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Palavras-chave
Educação especial, Educação inclusiva, Formação continuada, Index para inclusão, Special education, Inclusive education, Continuing education, Index for inclusion