As influências do trabalho docente feminino na cultura escolar do extremo oeste paulista (1932-1960)
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Data
2016-03-07
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O principal objetivo desta tese de doutorado em Educação é analisar a participação das professoras primárias na construção da cultura escolar das escolas primárias graduadas situadas na região do extremo oeste do Estado de São Paulo, mais especificamente nos municípios de Presidente Bernardes e de Presidente Venceslau. O recorte temporal adotado compreende os anos de 1932 (quando os primeiros grupos escolares das cidades enfocadas foram legalmente instalados) e 1960 (ano em que foi inaugurado o prédio definitivo do Grupo Escolar de Presidente Bernardes), período em que as docentes tiveram que enfrentar as dificuldades inerentes ao início de suas carreiras e de lecionar em imóveis improvisados e inadequados para a finalidade educativa, aguardando até que as edificações preconizadas pelo próprio Estado fossem erigidas. Destarte, levantou-se a hipótese de que o gênero feminino, aqui representado pelas docentes, teve influência direta no processo de construção da cultura escolar dos primeiros grupos de Presidente Bernardes e de Presidente Venceslau. Foi abordada a ação das professoras intramuros – na construção cotidiana das culturas escolares, por meio da prática docente – e também fora do âmbito dos grupos – quando expressaram publicamente os seus posicionamentos em favor da educação local. Assim, a presente pesquisa financiada pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, procurou responder aos seguintes objetivos específicos: recuperar o percurso histórico dos municípios pesquisados bem como de suas escolas primárias graduadas; pesquisar de que modo as relações de gênero influenciavam o trabalho das professoras; e identificar as estratégias adotadas pelas docentes para contornar as adversidades apresentadas no cotidiano dos grupos. Por meio do aporte da História Oral, foram entrevistados 15 indivíduos, sendo 9 educadoras e 6 discentes, que frequentaram as instituições nos 28 anos recortados para este estudo, somando mais de 30 horas de gravação. A pesquisa também se respaldou nos referenciais teóricos-metodológicos da História Cultural, da História Regional e dos Estudos de Gênero. Por fim, foi possível perceber algumas tentativas de rompimento com os padrões fixos de gênero, muito embora nem todas as atitudes das professoras possuíssem uma finalidade emancipatória, haja vista a força das representações que procuravam formatar a ação feminina na sociedade. Em relação às práticas docentes, o estudo constatou que a atuação dessas mulheres se destacou no cenário de estruturação das primeiras iniciativas de educação escolarizada em Presidente Bernardes e Presidente Venceslau. Ao lidar com a precariedade das instalações escolares e a presença fiscalizadora do Estado – que se mostrava muito mais disposto a cobrar atitudes sem, muitas vezes, oferecer uma contrapartida –, essas educadoras construíram a cultura escolar dos grupos em que trabalharam, improvisando com os recursos que possuíam, criando estratégias que lhes permitiam cumprir com as demandas apresentadas diariamente, além de reivindicar melhorias em sua área profissional.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis in Education is to analyze the participation of primary teachers in the construction of school culture of graduate primary schools located in the westernmost region of São Paulo, more specifically in the municipalities of Presidente Bernardes and Presidente Venceslau. The adopted time frame covers the years 1932 (when the first school groups of the studied cities were legally established) and 1960 (the year it opened the final building of the School Group of Presidente Bernardes), during which the teachers had to face the difficulties inherent in the start of their careers and teach in makeshift and inadequate buildings for educational purpose, wait until you see the buildings recommended by the State itself were erected. Thus, it rose the hypothesis that females, here represented by the teachers, had a direct influence on the school culture construction process of the first groups of Presidente Bernardes and Presidente Venceslau. The action of the intramural faculty was addressed - in everyday construction of school cultures through the teaching practice - and also outside the scope of the groups - when publicly expressed their positions in favor of local education. Thus, this research funded by the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination - CAPES, sought to answer the following specific objectives: to recover the historical background of the municipalities surveyed as well as their graduated primary schools; researching how gender relations influenced the work of teachers; and identify the strategies adopted by teachers to overcome the adversities presented in the daily life of the groups. Through the Oral History contribution, we interviewed 15 individuals, nine teachers and six students who attended institutions in 28 years cut for this study, totaling over 30 hours of recording. The survey also endorsed the theoretical and methodological references of Cultural History, Regional History and Gender Studies. Finally, it was revealed some disruption attempts with fixed gender patterns, although not all attitudes of the teachers possessed an emancipatory purpose, given the strength of representations seeking format the women's action in society. In relation to teaching practices, the study found that the actions of these women stood on the stage of structuring the first school education initiatives in Presidente Bernardes and Presidente Venceslau. When dealing with the precarious nature of school facilities and the supervisory presence of the State - which showed much more willing to take actions without often offer a contrast - these teachers built a school culture of groups that worked, improvising with the resources they had, creating strategies that allowed them to meet the demands presented daily, in addition to demand improvements in their working area.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis in Education is to analyze the participation of primary teachers in the construction of school culture of graduate primary schools located in the westernmost region of São Paulo, more specifically in the municipalities of Presidente Bernardes and Presidente Venceslau. The adopted time frame covers the years 1932 (when the first school groups of the studied cities were legally established) and 1960 (the year it opened the final building of the School Group of Presidente Bernardes), during which the teachers had to face the difficulties inherent in the start of their careers and teach in makeshift and inadequate buildings for educational purpose, wait until you see the buildings recommended by the State itself were erected. Thus, it rose the hypothesis that females, here represented by the teachers, had a direct influence on the school culture construction process of the first groups of Presidente Bernardes and Presidente Venceslau. The action of the intramural faculty was addressed - in everyday construction of school cultures through the teaching practice - and also outside the scope of the groups - when publicly expressed their positions in favor of local education. Thus, this research funded by the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination - CAPES, sought to answer the following specific objectives: to recover the historical background of the municipalities surveyed as well as their graduated primary schools; researching how gender relations influenced the work of teachers; and identify the strategies adopted by teachers to overcome the adversities presented in the daily life of the groups. Through the Oral History contribution, we interviewed 15 individuals, nine teachers and six students who attended institutions in 28 years cut for this study, totaling over 30 hours of recording. The survey also endorsed the theoretical and methodological references of Cultural History, Regional History and Gender Studies. Finally, it was revealed some disruption attempts with fixed gender patterns, although not all attitudes of the teachers possessed an emancipatory purpose, given the strength of representations seeking format the women's action in society. In relation to teaching practices, the study found that the actions of these women stood on the stage of structuring the first school education initiatives in Presidente Bernardes and Presidente Venceslau. When dealing with the precarious nature of school facilities and the supervisory presence of the State - which showed much more willing to take actions without often offer a contrast - these teachers built a school culture of groups that worked, improvising with the resources they had, creating strategies that allowed them to meet the demands presented daily, in addition to demand improvements in their working area.
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Palavras-chave
Professoras primárias, Cultura escolar, Grupo escolar, Extremo oeste paulista, História Oral, Primary teachers, School culture, School group, Extreme west of São Paulo, Oral History