Estudo da proliferação, migração e diferenciação dos precursores neurais do sistema nervoso pós-natal de camundongos (Mus musculus)
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Data
2016-05-02
Autores
Delgado-Garcia, Lina Maria [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No final dos anos 60, os experimentos em proliferação celular anunciaram a neurogênese adulta em mamíferos. Três décadas depois a relação entre neurogênese e células-tronco neurais (NSCs) foi estabelecida. Atualmente, as NSCs são objeto de pesquisas na medicina como modelo de estudo de múltiplos estados anormais e distúrbios orgânicos, além de se propor como uma estratégia em condições com poucas alternativas terapêuticas. Contudo o desenvolvimento destas terapias depende do entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares, celulares e biológicos que controlam a neurogênese e as NSCs. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo das teorias no funcionamento dos nichos neurogênicos e as NSCs com ênfase na proliferação, migração e diferenciação, além da descrição dos aspectos celulares in vitro dos precursores neurais (NPCs) dos nichos neurogênicos dos mamíferos. Os nichos são regiões do sistema nervoso adulto que apresentam neurogênese pela presença das NSCs e um microambiente celular apropriado. Nos mamíferos existem pelo menos dois nichos, a zona subventricular (SVZ) dos ventrículos laterais e a zona subgranular (SGZ) do hipocampo. Os estudos revisados demostram que existem diferenças e semelhanças no comportamento das NSCs nos nichos neurogênicos adultos, levando a que a proliferação, migração e diferenciação seja menos efetiva quando comparada com o desenvolvimento embrionário. Para finalizar, se descreveu o protocolo para isolamento e cultivo dos NPCs e seus aspectos celulares. Os NPCs proliferaram como populações heterogêneas multipotentes. Após a diferenciação, as células migraram e apresentaram características morfológicas e imunofenotípicas de células neurais imaturas, com o predomínio de células gliais. Em conjunto, os NPCs in vitro mimetizam os aspectos gerais da neurogênese.
In the late 60`s, the experiments on cell proliferation announced adult neurogenesis in mammals. Three decades later, the link between neurogenesis and neural stem cells (NSCs) was recognized. Currently, NSCs are the matter of research in human and veterinary medicine as a model of multiple abnormal states and organic disorders, in addition to be proposed as a strategy for diseases and conditions with few therapeutic alternatives. However, the successful development of these therapies depends on the understanding of molecular, cellular and biological mechanisms that control neurogenesis and NSCs. Therefore, the aim of this work was the study of the theories on neurogenic niches and NSCs with focus in proliferation, migration and differentiation, beyond the description of the cellular aspects of in vitro neural precursors cells (NPCs) of the neurogenic niches of the mammals. The neurogenic niches are regions of the adult nervous system which display complete neurogenesis because of the presence of NSCs and an appropriate cell microenvironment. In mammals, there are at least two neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. The reviewed studies showed that exists differences and similarities in the behavior of the adult NSCs in the neurogenic niches that lead to less effective proliferation, migration and differentiation; when compared with the embryonic development. Finally, was described the protocol for isolation and cultivation of NPCs and their cellular aspects. NPCs proliferated as heterogeneous multipotent populations. Differentiation analyses showed that cells migrated and showed morphological and immunophenotypical characteristics of immature cells with the predominance of glial cells. Overall, NPCs effectively reproduce the general aspects of neurogenesis.
In the late 60`s, the experiments on cell proliferation announced adult neurogenesis in mammals. Three decades later, the link between neurogenesis and neural stem cells (NSCs) was recognized. Currently, NSCs are the matter of research in human and veterinary medicine as a model of multiple abnormal states and organic disorders, in addition to be proposed as a strategy for diseases and conditions with few therapeutic alternatives. However, the successful development of these therapies depends on the understanding of molecular, cellular and biological mechanisms that control neurogenesis and NSCs. Therefore, the aim of this work was the study of the theories on neurogenic niches and NSCs with focus in proliferation, migration and differentiation, beyond the description of the cellular aspects of in vitro neural precursors cells (NPCs) of the neurogenic niches of the mammals. The neurogenic niches are regions of the adult nervous system which display complete neurogenesis because of the presence of NSCs and an appropriate cell microenvironment. In mammals, there are at least two neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. The reviewed studies showed that exists differences and similarities in the behavior of the adult NSCs in the neurogenic niches that lead to less effective proliferation, migration and differentiation; when compared with the embryonic development. Finally, was described the protocol for isolation and cultivation of NPCs and their cellular aspects. NPCs proliferated as heterogeneous multipotent populations. Differentiation analyses showed that cells migrated and showed morphological and immunophenotypical characteristics of immature cells with the predominance of glial cells. Overall, NPCs effectively reproduce the general aspects of neurogenesis.
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Palavras-chave
Células-tronco neurais, Desenvolvimento, Medicina regenerativa, Neuroblastos, Neurogênese adulta, Nichos neurogênicos, Progenitores neurais, Adult neurogenesis, Development, Neural progenitors, Neural stem cells, Neuroblasts, Neurogenic niches, Regenerative medicine