Manejo de transição para agricultura orgânica, sob cultivo de citros (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), favorece a diversidade de fungos no solo
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2016-04-26
Autores
Scotton, Juliana Cristina [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A transformação da produção agrícola atual de forma sustentável e produtiva se caracteriza como um dos maiores desafios da atualidade. A transição de manejos convencionais para aqueles mais sustentáveis é uma alternativa de transformação, na qual as plantas se tornam mais dependentes das interações microbianas, constituindo-se um fator chave no controle da produtividade e da qualidade nos ecossistemas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do manejo de transição, da agricultura convencional para a agricultura orgânica, sobre a diversidade de fungos do solo, em cultivo de citros. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental de citros na Fazendo Santo Antonio do Lageado em Mogi Guaçu-SP. O delineamento utilizado foi em faixas contemplando dois tratamentos, manejo convencional (MC) e manejo de transição (MT) com quatro anos de implantação, avaliados no período seco e úmido, sob os parâmetros de número de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC), riqueza e diversidade dos principais grupos de fungos, parâmetros micorrízicos e físico-químicos do solo. Os dados individuais foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste t. A associação das variáveis microbiológicas e físico-químicas do solo foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, sendo ambos os testes a 5% de probabilidade. Além disso, foi utilizada a análise de componentes principais para interpretação geral dos dados. As contagens de UFC não apresentaram diferenças entre tratamentos nos períodos avaliados, no entanto o MT demonstrou maior riqueza e diversidade de grupos fúngicos no solo em ambos os períodos. Foram identificados 11 táxons distintos, dentre eles Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Metarhizium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Phialophora spp., Neurospora spp., Trichoderma spp., Dematiáceos, Leveduras e Mucoromycotina. A frequência fúngica demonstrou predominância de Paecilomyces spp. para o MC, com 45% de isolados deste gênero, enquanto a distribuição do MT se mostrou mais equilibrada em termos de gêneros. Nos parâmetros micorrízicos, houve maior esporulação no MT para o período seco. As correlações de Pearson indicaram que enxofre (S), alumínio (Al), capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), temperatura e textura foram os parâmetros que mais apresentaram associações com os fungos avaliados. A análise de componentes principais, revelou distinção entre os tratamentos e períodos. Perante os resultados obtidos sugere-se que a maior diversidade no MT expressa maior estabilidade e eficiência na utilização de recursos disponíveis, além de ser mais eficiente na propagação de fungos micorrízicos, por meio de esporos.
The productive and sustainable changing of the current agricultural production is one of the greatest challenges of our time. The transition from conventional agriculture to sustainable models is an alternative, which plants become more dependent for microbial interactions. That is a key factor for agricultural yield and quality in the ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of transition management, from conventional agriculture to organic farming, on the soil fungal diversity in citrus cultivation. This experiment was performed in a citrus orchard settled at the Santo Antonio do Lageado farm, in Mogi Guaçu-SP. The design was in strip with two treatments, conventional management (CM) and transition management (TM). This assay has been conducted for four years and the present data refers to one year, assessed at the dry and wet season. The amount of colony forming units (CFU), richness and diversity of the major groups of fungi, mycorrhizal and physico-chemical parameters of the soil were applied. The individual data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by t test. The correlation of the soil microbiological and the physico-chemical attributes were tested by the Pearson correlation coefficient, all of them under probability of 5%. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to get a general overview of the data. The count UFC data showed no difference between treatments in the evaluated periods. However, the TM showed greater richness and diversity of the soil fungi groups at the both periods. We identified 11 distinct fungal taxa, including Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Metarhizium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Phialophora spp., Neurospora spp., Trichoderma spp., Dematiaceous, Yeasts and Mucoromycotina. The fungal frequency showed predominance of the Paecilomyces spp. in the MC, with 45% among the all isolated genera. In the TM the Paecilomyces spp. showed more balanced amount in terms of genera. There was a higher mycorrhizal sporulation in the TM at the dry season. The Pearson's correlations indicated that the sulfur (S), aluminum (Al), capacity of cation exchange (CEC), temperature and texture, were those that most correlated with the fungi of this study. The principal component analysis revealed distinction between treatments and season. By these results we suggest that higher diversity of fungal groups in the TM point out higher stability and efficient use of the available resources. In addition, the TM showed more efficient propagation of mycorrhizal fungi, considering it higher amount of spores.
The productive and sustainable changing of the current agricultural production is one of the greatest challenges of our time. The transition from conventional agriculture to sustainable models is an alternative, which plants become more dependent for microbial interactions. That is a key factor for agricultural yield and quality in the ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of transition management, from conventional agriculture to organic farming, on the soil fungal diversity in citrus cultivation. This experiment was performed in a citrus orchard settled at the Santo Antonio do Lageado farm, in Mogi Guaçu-SP. The design was in strip with two treatments, conventional management (CM) and transition management (TM). This assay has been conducted for four years and the present data refers to one year, assessed at the dry and wet season. The amount of colony forming units (CFU), richness and diversity of the major groups of fungi, mycorrhizal and physico-chemical parameters of the soil were applied. The individual data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by t test. The correlation of the soil microbiological and the physico-chemical attributes were tested by the Pearson correlation coefficient, all of them under probability of 5%. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to get a general overview of the data. The count UFC data showed no difference between treatments in the evaluated periods. However, the TM showed greater richness and diversity of the soil fungi groups at the both periods. We identified 11 distinct fungal taxa, including Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Metarhizium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Phialophora spp., Neurospora spp., Trichoderma spp., Dematiaceous, Yeasts and Mucoromycotina. The fungal frequency showed predominance of the Paecilomyces spp. in the MC, with 45% among the all isolated genera. In the TM the Paecilomyces spp. showed more balanced amount in terms of genera. There was a higher mycorrhizal sporulation in the TM at the dry season. The Pearson's correlations indicated that the sulfur (S), aluminum (Al), capacity of cation exchange (CEC), temperature and texture, were those that most correlated with the fungi of this study. The principal component analysis revealed distinction between treatments and season. By these results we suggest that higher diversity of fungal groups in the TM point out higher stability and efficient use of the available resources. In addition, the TM showed more efficient propagation of mycorrhizal fungi, considering it higher amount of spores.
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Fungos do solo, Diversidade, Manejo de transição, Citros, Soil fungi, Diversity, Transition management, Citrus