Seguindo o modelo transacional cognitivo, motivacional e relacional de Lazarus: uma análise exploratória de golfistas avaliados pelo radar Trackman®
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Data
2016-06-20
Autores
Aroni, André Luis [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O aumento na exigência competitiva dos últimos anos potencializou a exposição dos atletas às situações de estresse, tornando-se fundamental entender esse complexo fenômeno. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo principal dessa pesquisa foi estudar o processo de adaptação de golfistas às situações de estresse competitivo. O estudo se caracterizou como uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, de caráter descritivo e exploratório. Os participantes do estudo foram trinta e um atletas, sendo vinte e nove homens e duas mulheres, com idade entre quinze e setenta e dois anos [M = 41.83; DP = 13.37]. Como instrumentos, utilizamos o radar Trackman® para classificar o nível de habilidade dos golfistas (handicap); e o guia de “Entrevista de Avaliação Psicológica de Atletas - Gestão do Stress” para verificar o processo de adaptação dos atletas ao contexto esportivo, sempre baseado no Modelo Transacional Cognitivo, Motivacional e Relacional de Lazarus. Todos os testes e entrevistas foram realizados em uma data pré-estabelecida com cada golfista, de forma individual. Para a coleta e análise dos dados, seguiu-se a lógica de incidentes críticos durante as entrevistas, e a análise de conteúdo enquanto técnica dedutiva. Como resultados, iniciamos comparando a estimativa (handicap) do radar Trackman® com a classificação oficial da Federação Paulista de Golfe, a diferença entre as médias foi de 2,07 pontos, sendo considerada por nós, fiável para esse grupo de atletas. Desta forma, com base na análise interquartil do SPSS, optamos por separar os atletas em três grupos de habilidade: “bem sucedidos” que contou com os sete melhores golfistas ranqueados no teste do Trackman®; “medianos” com os seguintes dezessete atletas; e “mal sucedidos” com os sete menos habilidosos. Seguindo, as fontes de estresse relatadas pelos atletas foram: erros no putting; medo de executar de forma deficiente um swing; erros sucessivos; golfistas que falam, opinam ou pressionam durante o jogo; grupos lentos à frente; obstáculos como lagos e bancas de areia; a chuva e preocupações com o trabalho ou estudo. Com relação ao enfretamento dos problemas (coping), todos os grupos mostraram resultados semelhantes, com a maior parte dos atletas optando por enfrentar focados na resolução do problema. Como resposta final às situações de estresse, as reações potencialmente negativas foram as mais prevalentes nos grupos, com destaque para as emoções “raiva” e “tristeza”. É importante destacar o enfrentamento final (avaliação quaternária) relatado pelos atletas do grupo “bem sucedidos”, pois continuaram focados em resolver o problema, fato que reforça o sucesso esportivo desse grupo. Por fim, consideramos que as diferentes reações apresentadas em nossos resultados, reforçam ainda mais a natureza dinâmica e contínua do processo de adaptação ao estresse, assim como descrito na literatura.
Increases in competitive requirements have enhanced the exposure of athletes to stressful situations, making it essential to understand this complex phenomenon. As such, this research aimed to investigate the process of how golf athletes adapt to their sporting environment. The study was characterized as qualitative and quantitative research, descriptive and exploratory. The study participants comprised thirty-one players, twenty-nine men and two women, in between the ages of 15-72 years old [M = 41.83; SD = 13.37]. As instruments, we used the radar TrackMan® to check the skill level of golfers (handicap) and the guide “Entrevista de Avaliação Psicológica de Atletas – Gestão de Stress" to assess the process of adaptation of athletes to their sporting environment, based on Lazarus' Transactional Stress Model. All tests and interviews were conducted at a pre-established date with each golfer, individually. To collect and analyze the data, we followed the logic of critical incidents during interviews, and content analysis as deductive technique. As a result, we compared the Trackman®' estimative (handicap) to the official classification from Federaçao Paulista de Golfe: the difference between the averages was 2.07 points, considered to be reliable by us for this group of athletes. Thus, we chose to separate the participants in three groups: “bem sucedidos” with the seven best scores presented on Trackman® test; “medianos” with the next seventeen scores; and "mal sucedidos" with the worst seven scores. This separation aimed to verify if there were behavioral differences between groups. Following, the stress sources reported by the athletes were: errors in putting, fear of performing a poor swing, successive errors, golfers who talk, opine or do pressure during the game; slow groups forward; lakes and sand bunkers; rain and concerns with work or study. With regard to coping strategies, the groups showed similar results, with focus on solving the problems. In addition, as the final response to the stressful situations, the potentially negative reactions were the most prevalent in the three groups, especially the emotions "anger" and "sadness". Importantly, the final confrontation (quaternary cognitive evaluation) reported by the "bem sucedidos" group was different from the other; they continued focused on solving the problem, fact that explain the sporting success of the group. Finally, the different reactions in our results further reinforce the dynamic and continuous nature of the adaptation to stress situations, as described in the literature.
Increases in competitive requirements have enhanced the exposure of athletes to stressful situations, making it essential to understand this complex phenomenon. As such, this research aimed to investigate the process of how golf athletes adapt to their sporting environment. The study was characterized as qualitative and quantitative research, descriptive and exploratory. The study participants comprised thirty-one players, twenty-nine men and two women, in between the ages of 15-72 years old [M = 41.83; SD = 13.37]. As instruments, we used the radar TrackMan® to check the skill level of golfers (handicap) and the guide “Entrevista de Avaliação Psicológica de Atletas – Gestão de Stress" to assess the process of adaptation of athletes to their sporting environment, based on Lazarus' Transactional Stress Model. All tests and interviews were conducted at a pre-established date with each golfer, individually. To collect and analyze the data, we followed the logic of critical incidents during interviews, and content analysis as deductive technique. As a result, we compared the Trackman®' estimative (handicap) to the official classification from Federaçao Paulista de Golfe: the difference between the averages was 2.07 points, considered to be reliable by us for this group of athletes. Thus, we chose to separate the participants in three groups: “bem sucedidos” with the seven best scores presented on Trackman® test; “medianos” with the next seventeen scores; and "mal sucedidos" with the worst seven scores. This separation aimed to verify if there were behavioral differences between groups. Following, the stress sources reported by the athletes were: errors in putting, fear of performing a poor swing, successive errors, golfers who talk, opine or do pressure during the game; slow groups forward; lakes and sand bunkers; rain and concerns with work or study. With regard to coping strategies, the groups showed similar results, with focus on solving the problems. In addition, as the final response to the stressful situations, the potentially negative reactions were the most prevalent in the three groups, especially the emotions "anger" and "sadness". Importantly, the final confrontation (quaternary cognitive evaluation) reported by the "bem sucedidos" group was different from the other; they continued focused on solving the problem, fact that explain the sporting success of the group. Finally, the different reactions in our results further reinforce the dynamic and continuous nature of the adaptation to stress situations, as described in the literature.
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Palavras-chave
Estresse, Coping, Golfe, Tecnologias, Desenvolvimento humano, Stress, Technologies, Human development