Aplicação de silício e fungicidas na cultura do café arábica
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Data
2016-06-24
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A cultura do café (Coffea arabica L.) gera muitas divisas ao Brasil, país que lidera o ranking dos produtores. Diante da demanda crescente por produtividades cada vez maiores, torna-se de fundamental importância a redução de perdas no campo. Uma das adversidades que comprometem a produtividade do cafeeiro são as doenças e, para que exista redução na incidência dessas, é necessário, entre outras coisas, que as plantas estejam bem nutridas. O silício (Si), elemento considerado benéfico às plantas, pode ser um aliado no manejo integrado de doenças. Além dele, a utilização de fungicidas que apresentem algum efeito fisiológico também pode beneficiar a cultura. Dentro desse enfoque, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação de Si, via solo ou via foliar, associado ou não com os fungicidas a base de triazol, estrobirulina e triazol + estrobirulina, na nutrição mineral, atividade enzimática, incidência de doenças e produtividade de grãos do café arábica. O talhão onde foi instalado o experimento era constituído por plantas de café cv. Catuaí Vermelho, plantadas em maio de 2001, no espaçamento 4,0 × 0,50 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3×4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela forma de aplicação de Si [controle sem aplicação, Si via solo (300 kg ha-1 do produto FertiSilica®, parcelado em duas aplicações de 150 kg ha-1 - 22,4% de Si solúvel) ou Si via foliar (1 L ha-1 do produto Silamol® - 0,8% de Si solúvel)] e tipos de fungicidas [controle sem aplicação, triazol (250 g L-1 de propiconazol), estrobirulina (250 g L-1 de piraclostrobina) ou triazol + estrobirulina (50 g L-1 de epoxiconazol + 133 g L-1 de piraclostrobina)]. Todos os tratamentos foram aplicados nas doses descritas acima e nos meses outubro e dezembro de cada ano agrícola. A aplicação de Si, via solo ou via foliar, incrementou o teor de N na folha do cafeeiro na 3a coleta. Na 3a e 4a coletas os teores foliares de P foram afetados, respectivamente, pela interação formas de aplicação de Si × fungicidas e apenas aplicação de Si. Os teores de Si na 1a, 2a e 5a coletas foram afetados pela interação formas de aplicação de Si × fungicidas. Apesar disso, todos os nutrientes encontravam-se dentro das faixas consideradas adequadas para a cultura do café. De modo geral, a aplicação de Si, tanto via solo como via foliar, associada ou não a algum fungicida, proporcionou as maiores atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Refletindo esses resultados está a menor incidência de ferrugem e de cercosporiose em função, principalmente, da associação da aplicação de Si (via solo ou foliar) com fungicidas. Esses resultados culminaram em aumento de produtividade de grãos nas safras 2014 e 2015, além da produtividade média dos três anos estudados, sobretudo quando se aplicou Si via solo associado principalmente ao triazol. Conclui-se que a associação das formas de Si com os fungicidas estudados é benéfica à cultura do café, devido à maior proteção contra doenças, aumento da atividade enzimática e maior produtividade, especialmente quando se associa aplicação de Si via solo e o fungicida triazol.
Coffee crop (Coffea arabica L.) generates revenues to Brazil, the world’s leading coffee producer. In order to meet the increasing demand for higher yields, it is extremely important to reduce field losses during the cultivation cycle. Diseases are among the adversities that affect coffee yield and, in order to reduce their incidence, it is necessary to grow well-nourished coffee plants. In this perspective, silicon (Si) presents as a beneficial element to plants. Furthermore, the application of fungicides to coffee crop might be beneficial due to physiological effects. This research project aimed to evaluate the influence of Si application to foliage or to soil associated or not with fungicides triazole, strobilurine and triazole + strobilurine on the plants nutrition, enzyme activity, incidence of diseases, and Arabica coffee grain yield. The cultivar planted in the experimental area was ‘Catuai Vermelho’ coffee, cultivated in May 2001, allowing spacing 4.0 × 0.50 m between plants. The study was carried out using randomized blocks with four replications in a 3×4 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of different Si sources application [control without Si, Si applied to the soil (300 kg ha-1 of FertiSilica®, splitted into two applications of 150 kg ha-1 - 22.4% of soluble Si), or Si applied to the foliage (1 L ha-1 of Silamol® - 0.8% of soluble Si)] and of different fungicides application [(control without fungicide, triazole (250 g L-1 of propiconazole), strobilurine (250 g L-1 of piraclostrobine), or triazole + strobilurine (50 g L-1 de epoxiconazole + 133 g L-1 de piraclostrobine)]. All these treatments were applied in the described doses, and in October and December of each crop season. Both Si application to the soil and to the foliage increased N leaf contents in the 3rd sampling. P leaf contents were affected in the 3rd and 4th sampling by the interaction of Si sources × fungicides and only by Si sources, respectively. Si leaf contents were affected in the 1st, 2nd and 5th sampling by the interaction of Si sources × fungicides. However, all contents of nutrients in the leaves were within the values considered ideal for coffee crop. Overall, both treatments with Si applied to the soil and to the foliage, associated or not to any fungicide, provided higher polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes activity. The lower incidence of coffee rust and cercospora incidence, mainly observed with Si (to the soil or to the foliage) associated to fungicides, reflected the enzymes activity results. All these results increased yields in 2014 and 2015, besides the 3-year-study mean yield, especially when Si was applied to the soil associated to triazole. It was concluded that both Si sources application associated to fungicides is beneficial to coffee crop as a result of the higher protection against diseases, the higher enzymes activities, and the higher grain yield, especially in the association between Si applied to the soil and triazole.
Coffee crop (Coffea arabica L.) generates revenues to Brazil, the world’s leading coffee producer. In order to meet the increasing demand for higher yields, it is extremely important to reduce field losses during the cultivation cycle. Diseases are among the adversities that affect coffee yield and, in order to reduce their incidence, it is necessary to grow well-nourished coffee plants. In this perspective, silicon (Si) presents as a beneficial element to plants. Furthermore, the application of fungicides to coffee crop might be beneficial due to physiological effects. This research project aimed to evaluate the influence of Si application to foliage or to soil associated or not with fungicides triazole, strobilurine and triazole + strobilurine on the plants nutrition, enzyme activity, incidence of diseases, and Arabica coffee grain yield. The cultivar planted in the experimental area was ‘Catuai Vermelho’ coffee, cultivated in May 2001, allowing spacing 4.0 × 0.50 m between plants. The study was carried out using randomized blocks with four replications in a 3×4 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of different Si sources application [control without Si, Si applied to the soil (300 kg ha-1 of FertiSilica®, splitted into two applications of 150 kg ha-1 - 22.4% of soluble Si), or Si applied to the foliage (1 L ha-1 of Silamol® - 0.8% of soluble Si)] and of different fungicides application [(control without fungicide, triazole (250 g L-1 of propiconazole), strobilurine (250 g L-1 of piraclostrobine), or triazole + strobilurine (50 g L-1 de epoxiconazole + 133 g L-1 de piraclostrobine)]. All these treatments were applied in the described doses, and in October and December of each crop season. Both Si application to the soil and to the foliage increased N leaf contents in the 3rd sampling. P leaf contents were affected in the 3rd and 4th sampling by the interaction of Si sources × fungicides and only by Si sources, respectively. Si leaf contents were affected in the 1st, 2nd and 5th sampling by the interaction of Si sources × fungicides. However, all contents of nutrients in the leaves were within the values considered ideal for coffee crop. Overall, both treatments with Si applied to the soil and to the foliage, associated or not to any fungicide, provided higher polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes activity. The lower incidence of coffee rust and cercospora incidence, mainly observed with Si (to the soil or to the foliage) associated to fungicides, reflected the enzymes activity results. All these results increased yields in 2014 and 2015, besides the 3-year-study mean yield, especially when Si was applied to the soil associated to triazole. It was concluded that both Si sources application associated to fungicides is beneficial to coffee crop as a result of the higher protection against diseases, the higher enzymes activities, and the higher grain yield, especially in the association between Si applied to the soil and triazole.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Coffea arabica, Nutrição mineral de plantas, Doenças do cafeeiro, Triazol, Estrobirulina, Enzimas, Produtividade de grãos, Plant nutrition, Coffee diseases, Triazole, Strobilurine, Enzymes, Grain yield