Colheita mecanizada de biomassa florestal: desempenho operacional e econômico
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Data
2016-07-28
Autores
Oguri, Guilherme [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Forrageiras modificadas representam uma opção viável para a colheita de sistemas florestais de curta rotação (SFCR), como apresentado em diversos estudos realizados em países do hemisfério norte. Entretanto, novos plantios energéticos no Brasil possuem maior produtividade comparados aos plantios nos países do hemisfério norte, fato que demanda mais estudos sobre a capacidade operacional das Forrageiras adaptadas nos plantios brasileiros. Neste estudo foi conduzido em cinco plantios de eucalipto, localizados em diferentes estados brasileiros abrangendo diversas condições de trabalho em relação ao clone, idade do plantio, densidade populacional e sistema de plantio (linhas simples e duplas). A produtividade florestal variou entre 90 e 157 t ha-1 e o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) variou entre 5 e 8 cm. Neste ensaio utilizou-se a forrageira New Holland FR9060 acoplada a plataforma florestal 130 FB da mesma fabricante. Este conjunto atingiu uma capacidade de processamento entre 39 a 65 t h-1, resultado este comparável aos encontrados em estudos realizado na Europa e América do Norte. As paradas apresentaram reduzida proporção do tempo total de colheita, semelhantes aos encontrados em plantios de Populus e Salix em países do hemisfério norte. A capacidade de processamento foi diretamente proporcional a produtividade florestal e a granulometria. A diminuição na granulometria de 30 para 20 mm determinou uma redução de 20 a 30% na capacidade de processamento. Estes resultados referem-se a colheita dos plantios na primeira rotação sendo necessário pesquisas adicionais visando os próximos cortes. Capítulo 2: O uso de colhedoras de forragem adaptadas para a colheita de biomassa florestal faz parte de um sistema de colheita consolidado em países da América do Norte e Europa, não existindo registro do seu uso em plantios florestais brasileiros. Estas máquinas são capazes de colher árvores inteiras e processá-las em cavacos, necessitando auxílio de um conjunto de transbordo acoplado ao trator para coleta e retirada dos cavacos da área de produção. Com o intuito de implantar esse novo sistema de colheita no Brasil, utilizou-se estes equipamentos em um sistema florestal de curta rotação (SFCR) de eucalipto. Objetivou-se avaliar economicamente este tipo de colheita em plantios no Brasil. Os resultados foram gerados em duas unidades monetárias, € h-1 e € t-1. Os custos finais encontrados foram menores comparados com resultados de outros trabalhos da bibliografia utilizando o mesmo tipo de equipamento em países de clima temperado.
Chapter 1: Modified foragers represent a cost-effective option for harvesting high-density short-rotation energy plantations, as shown in many studies conducted in the Northern hemisphere. However, new energy plantations grown in Brazil far exceed the stocking and the stem size characterizing plantations in the Northern hemisphere, which raises the question about the ability of modified foragers to perform effectively. A study was conducted on five eucalypt plantations, located in different Brazilian States and spanning over a wide range of work conditions in terms of clone, age, planting density and row system (e.g. single or twin rows). Field stocking varied between 90 and 157 t ha-1, and breast-height diameter between 5 and 8 cm. The tests were conducted with a New Holland 9060 forager, equipped with a 130 FB energy wood header. This machine was capable of negotiating all test fields, and reached a productivity between 39 and 65 t h-1, which was comparable with the productivity figures recorded in Europe and North America. The machine coped well with the high field stocking and stem size levels encountered in Brazil. Blockages accounted for a very small proportion of total harvesting time, which was much similar to that recorded in studies conducted on poplar and willow in the Northern hemisphere. Productivity was directly proportional to field stocking and cut length. Changing cut length from 30 to 20 mm determined a 20 - 30% reduction in productivity. These figures reflect work conditions in uncoppiced first-rotation plantations, and they should be applied with some caution to following rotations. Chapter 2: Modified forager use for forest biomass production is already a consolidated system in European and North American countries. However, in Brazil, so far there are no records of using this harvesting system. These machines are able to cut the trees and produces wood chips in a single-pass process requiring a tractor-pulled silage trailer to collect the wood chips. In order to make this harvest reality was used an Eucalyptus short rotation coppice (SRC). Focusing on an economic analysis of a forager machine attached to a cutting header adapted to Brazilian plantations. The economic results in € h-1 and € t-1 found, were lower when compared to the literature studies that used the same machines in temperate countries.
Chapter 1: Modified foragers represent a cost-effective option for harvesting high-density short-rotation energy plantations, as shown in many studies conducted in the Northern hemisphere. However, new energy plantations grown in Brazil far exceed the stocking and the stem size characterizing plantations in the Northern hemisphere, which raises the question about the ability of modified foragers to perform effectively. A study was conducted on five eucalypt plantations, located in different Brazilian States and spanning over a wide range of work conditions in terms of clone, age, planting density and row system (e.g. single or twin rows). Field stocking varied between 90 and 157 t ha-1, and breast-height diameter between 5 and 8 cm. The tests were conducted with a New Holland 9060 forager, equipped with a 130 FB energy wood header. This machine was capable of negotiating all test fields, and reached a productivity between 39 and 65 t h-1, which was comparable with the productivity figures recorded in Europe and North America. The machine coped well with the high field stocking and stem size levels encountered in Brazil. Blockages accounted for a very small proportion of total harvesting time, which was much similar to that recorded in studies conducted on poplar and willow in the Northern hemisphere. Productivity was directly proportional to field stocking and cut length. Changing cut length from 30 to 20 mm determined a 20 - 30% reduction in productivity. These figures reflect work conditions in uncoppiced first-rotation plantations, and they should be applied with some caution to following rotations. Chapter 2: Modified forager use for forest biomass production is already a consolidated system in European and North American countries. However, in Brazil, so far there are no records of using this harvesting system. These machines are able to cut the trees and produces wood chips in a single-pass process requiring a tractor-pulled silage trailer to collect the wood chips. In order to make this harvest reality was used an Eucalyptus short rotation coppice (SRC). Focusing on an economic analysis of a forager machine attached to a cutting header adapted to Brazilian plantations. The economic results in € h-1 and € t-1 found, were lower when compared to the literature studies that used the same machines in temperate countries.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Biomassa, Florestas - produtividade, Rotação de cultivos, Economia florestal, Mecanização florestal