Tipos de fibras e redução do nível proteico em dietas para leitões recém-desmamados
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Data
2016-09-30
Autores
Marujo, Manuela Vantini [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Foram conduzidos três experimentos para avaliar diferentes fontes de fibras purificadas e seus efeitos em dietas, com níveis proteicos reduzidos, sobre o desempenho e a saúde intestinal de leitões recém-desmamados. No experimento I foram caracterizadas quatro fontes de fibras purificadas, quanto à capacidade de retenção de água, volume de intumescimento, microestrutura e viscosidade. No experimento II foram avaliados o desempenho, a incidência de diarreia e o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal de 84 leitões desmamados aos 26 dias de idade. No experimento III foram avaliados o pH, o peso relativo de órgãos do trato gastrointestinal, as concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e ácido lático, a morfologia e a microbiologia da mucosa intestinal, os escores de lesão, as células em apoptose e mitose, e a imunidade intestinal de 42 leitões desmamados aos 26 dias de idade. Nos experimentos II e III, os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com seis tratamentos: DC: dieta controle sem redução proteica; DR: DC com redução de quatro pontos percentuais da proteína bruta; DF1, DF2, DF3 e DF4: DR com adição de 2,0% de lignocelulose, celulose, pectina e goma guar, respectivamente. A inclusão de goma guar à dieta resultou em piores (P<0,05) ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar, assim como no maior (P<0,05) tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal comparado à inclusão de celulose, que apresentou o menor. O peso final dos leitões foi menor (P<0,05) com a adição de goma guar em comparação à dieta controle e aquelas contendo pectina e lignocelulose. Os animais alimentados com dieta com celulose apresentaram a menor (P<0,05) contagem de Lactobacillus e a maior (P<0,05) relação altura das vilosidades/profundidade das criptas, não diferindo daquela com lignocelulose, mas das outras dietas avaliadas. No duodeno, o número de células em apoptose foi menor (P<0,05) nos animas que consumiram dieta contendo celulose; o número de células em mitose foi maior (P<0,05) nos leitões consumindo as dietas controle e com pectina e os escores de lesão foram menores (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com celulose e lignocelulose. Não foram observadas alterações (P>0,05) no jejuno dos leitões. No íleo, o número de células em mitose foi maior (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com vi as dietas controle, com redução proteica e com pectina e os escores de lesão foram menores (P<0,05) nos leitões que consumiram a dieta contendo celulose. Conclui-se que as fibras solúveis, principalmente a goma guar, apresentam maior capacidade de retenção de água, volume de intumescimento e viscosidade em relação às insolúveis. A redução no nível proteico não influencia o desempenho e a saúde intestinal dos animais. A inclusão de goma guar à dieta proporciona prejuízos ao desempenho dos animais e maior tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal. A inclusão de fibras purificadas insolúveis, especialmente a celulose, à dieta com nível proteico reduzido, proporciona benefícios à morfologia do epitélio intestinal de leitões, como melhor relação altura das vilosidades/profundidade das criptas, menores escores de lesão intestinal e apoptose.
Three trials were conducted to evaluate different purified fibers sources and their effects in diets with reduced protein level on performance and intestinal health of weanling pigs. In trial I were characterized four purified fiber sources as to the water retention capacity, swelling volume, microstructure and viscosity. Performance, incidence of diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit of time of 84 piglets weaned at 26 days of age were evaluated in trial II. In trial III were evaluated pH, the relative organs weight of the gastrointestinal tract, concentrations of fatty acid short chain and lactic acid, the morphology and microbiology of the intestinal mucosa, the lesion scores, the apoptosis and mitotic cells and the intestinal immunity of 42 piglets weaned 26 days old. In both experiments, the animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with six treatments: CD: control diet without protein reduction; RD: CD with a reduction of four percent of crude protein; DF1, DF2, DF3 and DF4: RD with addition of 2.0% of lignocellulose, cellulose, pectin and guar gum, respectively. The inclusion of guar gum in the diet resulted in worse (P<0.05) daily gain and feed conversion, as well as the largest (P<0.05) gastrointestinal transit time compared to the inclusion of cellulose, which had the lowest. The final weight of the piglets was lower (P<0.05) with the addition of guar gum compared to the control diet, pectin and lignocellulose. The animals fed cellulose have the lowest (P<0.05) Lactobacillus count and the best (P<0.05) ratio of villus height and crypt depth, not differing from lignocellulose, but with the other evaluated diets. In the duodenum the number of cells in apoptosis was lower (P<0.05) in the animals fed diet with cellulose, the number of cells in mitosis was bigger (P<0.05) with control diet and pectin and the lesion scores were lower (P<0.05) in the animals fed diets with cellulose and lignocellulose. No alterations (P>0.05) were observed in the jejunum of the piglets. In the ileum, the number of cells in mitosis was bigger (P<0.05) in the animals fed control diet, reduced protein diet and pectin and the lesion scores were lower (P<0.05) for those fed cellulose. In conclusion the soluble fibers, especially guar gum, have higher water holding capacity, swelling and viscosity. The reduced level of crude protein do not influence the performance and the intestinal health of the animals. The inclusion of guar in the diet provide the worse results for performance parameters and increased gastrointestinal transit time. The inclusion of purified insoluble fibers, especially cellulose, to the diets with reduced protein level, provide benefits for the morphology of the intestinal epithelium of the piglets, such as better villus height and crypt depth ratio, lower intestinal lesion scores lower and apoptosis.
Three trials were conducted to evaluate different purified fibers sources and their effects in diets with reduced protein level on performance and intestinal health of weanling pigs. In trial I were characterized four purified fiber sources as to the water retention capacity, swelling volume, microstructure and viscosity. Performance, incidence of diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit of time of 84 piglets weaned at 26 days of age were evaluated in trial II. In trial III were evaluated pH, the relative organs weight of the gastrointestinal tract, concentrations of fatty acid short chain and lactic acid, the morphology and microbiology of the intestinal mucosa, the lesion scores, the apoptosis and mitotic cells and the intestinal immunity of 42 piglets weaned 26 days old. In both experiments, the animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with six treatments: CD: control diet without protein reduction; RD: CD with a reduction of four percent of crude protein; DF1, DF2, DF3 and DF4: RD with addition of 2.0% of lignocellulose, cellulose, pectin and guar gum, respectively. The inclusion of guar gum in the diet resulted in worse (P<0.05) daily gain and feed conversion, as well as the largest (P<0.05) gastrointestinal transit time compared to the inclusion of cellulose, which had the lowest. The final weight of the piglets was lower (P<0.05) with the addition of guar gum compared to the control diet, pectin and lignocellulose. The animals fed cellulose have the lowest (P<0.05) Lactobacillus count and the best (P<0.05) ratio of villus height and crypt depth, not differing from lignocellulose, but with the other evaluated diets. In the duodenum the number of cells in apoptosis was lower (P<0.05) in the animals fed diet with cellulose, the number of cells in mitosis was bigger (P<0.05) with control diet and pectin and the lesion scores were lower (P<0.05) in the animals fed diets with cellulose and lignocellulose. No alterations (P>0.05) were observed in the jejunum of the piglets. In the ileum, the number of cells in mitosis was bigger (P<0.05) in the animals fed control diet, reduced protein diet and pectin and the lesion scores were lower (P<0.05) for those fed cellulose. In conclusion the soluble fibers, especially guar gum, have higher water holding capacity, swelling and viscosity. The reduced level of crude protein do not influence the performance and the intestinal health of the animals. The inclusion of guar in the diet provide the worse results for performance parameters and increased gastrointestinal transit time. The inclusion of purified insoluble fibers, especially cellulose, to the diets with reduced protein level, provide benefits for the morphology of the intestinal epithelium of the piglets, such as better villus height and crypt depth ratio, lower intestinal lesion scores lower and apoptosis.
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Palavras-chave
Desmame, Fibra dietética, Saúde intestinal, Suínos, Dietary fiber, Intestinal health, Weaning, Swines