Avaliação do teor de metais em material particulado MP2,5 E MP10 nas cidade de Goiânia - GO e Rio claro - SP empregando a técnica de fluorescência de raios X dispersiva em energia (EDXRF)
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2016-09-15
Autores
Dourado, Thiago de Araujo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi a caracterização química do material particulado em suspenção na atmosfera (MP2,5 e MP10) das regiões metropolitanas de Goiânia (GO) e de Rio Claro (SP), por meio da técnica de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão em energia (EDXRF) com fonte de energia de Luz Síncrotron. A amostragem foi realizada em dois períodos climáticos (inverno-seco e verão-chuvoso), utilizando um amostrador tipo staker, que permite a coleta simultânea de particulado fino (partículas com tamanho de diâmetro menor do que 2,5 µm) e grosso (partículas com diâmetro entre 2,5 e 10 µm). Foram utilizados filtros com 47 mm de diâmetro e com tamanho de poro de 0,4 e 8,0 µm, respectivamente. A quantificação de MP2,5 e MP10 no ar atmosférico foi realizada através de gravimetria. As concentrações de material particulado foram comparadas com os valores indicados por órgãos regulamentadores, nacionais e internacionais (CONAMA13/1990; CETESB/2012; WHO/2015; Directiva Europeia/2008/50). A determinação elementar dos MP2,5 e MP10, compreendeu os seguintes elementos: Si, S, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn e Ca. Para a identificação das possíveis fontes de emissão, ou de formação do material particulado, foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson associado à análise de agrupamento e a determinação dos fatores de enriquecimento. No geral, as concentrações médias de MP10 e MP2,5 em Goiânia foram maiores que em Rio Claro, assim como os teores elementares. Como esperado, os teores elementares médios foram maiores no inverno que no verão, para as duas localidades. No geral foi observado ao longo das campanhas de amostragem que os elementos majoritários em ambas as frações foram o Si, Fe, Ca e K, característicos de emissões naturais. O tratamento dos dados mostrou que a composição elementar é diferente entre as frações coletadas, exceto as amostras de MP2,5 referentes a Rio Claro. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson indicou associação dos materiais particulados com metais de origem natural. Para as duas cidades, as análises de agrupamento em conjunto com o cálculo de fator de enriquecimento mostram que a origem de MP10 é associada às emissões naturais, enquanto a origem de MP2,5 é associada às emissões tanto naturais quanto antrópicas.
The main objective of this study was the chemical characterization of the particulate matter in suspension in the atmosphere (PM2.5 and PM10) in the metropolitan areas of Goiânia (GO) and Rio Claro (SP). Sampling was carried out in winter and summer seasons, using a sampler staker type which allows the simultaneous collection of fine particulate (particles smaller diameter size than 2.5 uM) and large (particle diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometres). Using filters were 47 mm in diameter and 0.4 pore size and 8.0 micrometres respectively. Quantitation of MP10 and PM2.5 in atmospheric air was performed by gravimetry. The particulate matter concentrations were compared to the values indicated by regulators, national and international bodies (CONAMA13 / 1990; CETESB / 2012; WHO / 2015; European Directive / 2008/50). For elemental determination of PM2.5 and PM10 was used to X-ray fluorescence technique by energy dispersive (EDXRF) with power source Synchrotron Light. The elements determined in Rio Claro campaigns and Goiania are Si, S, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Ca. To determine possible sources of emissions or formation of particulate matter was calculated the correlation coefficient Pearson, associated cluster analysis in conjunction with the enrichment factor calculations. Overall, the average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Goiania were higher than in Rio Claro, the same occurred for the elementary levels. As expected, the average elementary levels were higher in winter than in summer, for both locations. Overall it was observed over the sampling campaigns that the majority elements in both fractions were Si, Fe, Ca, and K, characteristic of natural emissions. Data analysis showed that the elemental composition is different between the fractions collected, except samples of PM2.5 regarding Rio Claro. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated association of particulate materials with naturally occurring metals. For both cities, the cluster analysis in conjunction with the enrichment factor of calculation show that the PM10 origin is associated ace natural emissions, while PM2.5 source is associated with emissions both natural and anthropogenic.
The main objective of this study was the chemical characterization of the particulate matter in suspension in the atmosphere (PM2.5 and PM10) in the metropolitan areas of Goiânia (GO) and Rio Claro (SP). Sampling was carried out in winter and summer seasons, using a sampler staker type which allows the simultaneous collection of fine particulate (particles smaller diameter size than 2.5 uM) and large (particle diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometres). Using filters were 47 mm in diameter and 0.4 pore size and 8.0 micrometres respectively. Quantitation of MP10 and PM2.5 in atmospheric air was performed by gravimetry. The particulate matter concentrations were compared to the values indicated by regulators, national and international bodies (CONAMA13 / 1990; CETESB / 2012; WHO / 2015; European Directive / 2008/50). For elemental determination of PM2.5 and PM10 was used to X-ray fluorescence technique by energy dispersive (EDXRF) with power source Synchrotron Light. The elements determined in Rio Claro campaigns and Goiania are Si, S, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Ca. To determine possible sources of emissions or formation of particulate matter was calculated the correlation coefficient Pearson, associated cluster analysis in conjunction with the enrichment factor calculations. Overall, the average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Goiania were higher than in Rio Claro, the same occurred for the elementary levels. As expected, the average elementary levels were higher in winter than in summer, for both locations. Overall it was observed over the sampling campaigns that the majority elements in both fractions were Si, Fe, Ca, and K, characteristic of natural emissions. Data analysis showed that the elemental composition is different between the fractions collected, except samples of PM2.5 regarding Rio Claro. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated association of particulate materials with naturally occurring metals. For both cities, the cluster analysis in conjunction with the enrichment factor of calculation show that the PM10 origin is associated ace natural emissions, while PM2.5 source is associated with emissions both natural and anthropogenic.
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Palavras-chave
Material particulado, Metais, Luz Síncrotron, Fontes de emissão, Sazonalidade, Particulate material, Metals, Light Synchrotron, Emission sources, Seasonality