Os nexos de re-estruturação da cidade e da rede urbana: o papel da Usina Belo Monte nas transformações espaciais de Altamira-PA e em sua região de influência
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Data
2016-12-15
Autores
Miranda Neto, Jose Queiroz de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As implicações espaciais da instalação de grandes projetos na Amazônia, como estradas, usinas hidrelétricas e indústrias de mineração, têm sido objeto de várias frentes de análise em Geografia no intuito de debater a respeito do papel transformador desses empreendimentos em contextos urbanos particulares. A partir de 2010, quando é liberada a licença de instalação da usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, percebe-se uma dinâmica social diferenciada, sobretudo marcada pela produção de novas formas espaciais e novas relações que envolvem a cidade e a rede urbana. Considerando essa realidade, a presente pesquisa resolveu articular o processo de construção da usina de Belo Monte ao tema das cidades médias, tendo como como base a seguinte questão: em que medida as transformações espaciais desencadeadas a partir da instalação da usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte produzem uma reestruturação da cidade e uma reestruturação urbana? A área efetiva de estudos abrange, portanto, duas escalas de análise articuladas: a cidade de Altamira-PA, situada às margens do rio Xingu, a 54 km² de distância da área de construção da usina de Belo Monte, e a Região de Influência de Altamira (RIA). Esta última é baseada em dois estudos complementares do IBGE (REGIC de 2007 e Divisão Urbano-regional, de 2013) e corresponde aos centros urbanos situados no interfluxo entre o rio Xingu (Vitória do Xingu, Senador José Porfírio e Porto de Moz) e a rodovia Transamazônica (Altamira, Anapu, Pacajá, Medicilândia Uruará e Brasil Novo). No que se refere a Altamira, parte-se da ideia de que esta cidade atua como uma cidade média, uma vez que funciona como uma intermediadora entre as grandes cidades e os centros locais, permitindo-se adentrar aos autores que trabalham nesse campo de estudo. A pesquisa em questão possui como objetivo geral analisar os eventos resultantes da instalação da usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte em Altamira-PA e em sua região de influência (RIA), de modo a verificar em que medida produzem a reestruturação da cidade e a reestruturação urbana. Com a utilização do método dialético, pretende-se fazer a leitura do movimento, da contínua transformação, do perpétuo vir-a-ser, enfatizando-se a lei da transformação da quantidade em qualidade. Por essa perspectiva, os dados sobre a cidade (o crescimento populacional, a expansão territorial, a criação novos loteamentos e as transformações na paisagem) e os dados regionais (a intensidade das interações espaciais, os atendimentos de saúde, as diferenças do PIB municipal, as características das finanças públicas, a distribuição das instituições financeiras e as mudanças no quadro empresarial) são devidamente analisados e articulados em um modelo explicativo denominado de “nexos de re-estruturação da cidade e da rede urbana”, que situa os acontecimentos, práticas e processos espaciais de acordo com um eixo de transformação estrutural (da estruturação à reestruturação) e com a escala de análise (da cidade e da rede urbana). A tese comprovada pela pesquisa é de que os feixes de vetores desencadeados pela usina hidrelétrica promovem transformações que se vinculam tanto à estruturação (lógica mais duradoura de constituição espacial) quanto à reestruturação (rupturas nas tendências anteriores) e se apresentam em intensidades diferenciadas de acordo com cada escala analisada. Pela disposição dos nexos inseridos dentro do modelo explicativo, é possível afirmar, portanto, que as transformações desencadeadas pela usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte possuem um caráter concentrador, com mudanças que apontam mais em direção à reestruturação da cidade que no sentido da reestruturação urbana.
The spatial implications of large projects installation in the Amazon, such as roads, hydroelectric plants and mining industries have been the subject of several fronts of analysis in geography in order to demonstrate the transformative role of these enterprises in particular urban contexts. Starting in 2010, when the license installation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte is released, it is clear a different social dynamic, particularly marked by the production of new spatial forms and new relationships involving the city and the urban network. Given this reality, this study decided to articulate the process of construction of the Belo Monte plant to the issue of medium-sized cities, based on the following question: how far the spatial transformations triggered from the installation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte produce a city reorganization and an urban reorganization? The effective area of study covers, therefore, two articulated scales of analysis: the city of Altamira (Pará), situated at the margins of the Xingu river – 54km² away from the area of construction of the Belo Monte plant –, and the Region of Influence in Altamira (RIA). This latter is based on two complementary studies of IBGE (REGIC of 2007 and Division Urban-Regional, of 2013) and corresponds to the urban centers in the interflow between the Xingu river (Vitória do Xingu, Senador José Porfírio and Porto de Moz) and the Trans-Amazonian highway (Altamira, Anapu, Pacajá, Medicilândia, Uruará and Brasil Novo). With regard to Altamira, it is started from the idea that this city serves as a medium-sized city, since it functions as an intermediary between the big cities and local centers, allowing to enter authors who work in this field of study. The research in question has as main objective to analyze the events resulting from the installation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte in Altamira-PA and its area of influence (RIA) in order to verify how much they produce the reorganization of the city and the urban reorganization. With the use of the dialectical method, is intended to do the reading of the movement, of the continuous transformation, of the perpetual coming-to-be, with emphasis on the law of transformation of quantity into quality. Under this perspective, the data about the city (population growth, territorial expansion, new allotments creation, and the changes in the landscape) and the regional data (the intensity of spatial interactions, the health care, the differences of local GDP, the characteristics of public finances, the distribution of financial institutions and changes in the business environment) are properly analyzed and articulated in an explanatory model called “nexus of re-structuring of the city and the urban network”, which places the events, practices and spatial processes according to an axis of structural transformation (from structuration to restructuring) and with the analysis scale (of the city and the urban network). The thesis confirmed by the research is that the vectors beams triggered by the hydroelectric plant promotes transformations that are linked both to the structuration (the most enduring logic of space constitution) as to the restructuring (ruptures in the previous tendencies) and are present in different intensities according to each analyzed scale. By the arrangement of inserted nexus within the explanatory model, it can be said, therefore, that the changes triggered by the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte have a concentrator character, with changes that point more toward the restructuring of the city than in the direction of urban restructuring.
The spatial implications of large projects installation in the Amazon, such as roads, hydroelectric plants and mining industries have been the subject of several fronts of analysis in geography in order to demonstrate the transformative role of these enterprises in particular urban contexts. Starting in 2010, when the license installation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte is released, it is clear a different social dynamic, particularly marked by the production of new spatial forms and new relationships involving the city and the urban network. Given this reality, this study decided to articulate the process of construction of the Belo Monte plant to the issue of medium-sized cities, based on the following question: how far the spatial transformations triggered from the installation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte produce a city reorganization and an urban reorganization? The effective area of study covers, therefore, two articulated scales of analysis: the city of Altamira (Pará), situated at the margins of the Xingu river – 54km² away from the area of construction of the Belo Monte plant –, and the Region of Influence in Altamira (RIA). This latter is based on two complementary studies of IBGE (REGIC of 2007 and Division Urban-Regional, of 2013) and corresponds to the urban centers in the interflow between the Xingu river (Vitória do Xingu, Senador José Porfírio and Porto de Moz) and the Trans-Amazonian highway (Altamira, Anapu, Pacajá, Medicilândia, Uruará and Brasil Novo). With regard to Altamira, it is started from the idea that this city serves as a medium-sized city, since it functions as an intermediary between the big cities and local centers, allowing to enter authors who work in this field of study. The research in question has as main objective to analyze the events resulting from the installation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte in Altamira-PA and its area of influence (RIA) in order to verify how much they produce the reorganization of the city and the urban reorganization. With the use of the dialectical method, is intended to do the reading of the movement, of the continuous transformation, of the perpetual coming-to-be, with emphasis on the law of transformation of quantity into quality. Under this perspective, the data about the city (population growth, territorial expansion, new allotments creation, and the changes in the landscape) and the regional data (the intensity of spatial interactions, the health care, the differences of local GDP, the characteristics of public finances, the distribution of financial institutions and changes in the business environment) are properly analyzed and articulated in an explanatory model called “nexus of re-structuring of the city and the urban network”, which places the events, practices and spatial processes according to an axis of structural transformation (from structuration to restructuring) and with the analysis scale (of the city and the urban network). The thesis confirmed by the research is that the vectors beams triggered by the hydroelectric plant promotes transformations that are linked both to the structuration (the most enduring logic of space constitution) as to the restructuring (ruptures in the previous tendencies) and are present in different intensities according to each analyzed scale. By the arrangement of inserted nexus within the explanatory model, it can be said, therefore, that the changes triggered by the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte have a concentrator character, with changes that point more toward the restructuring of the city than in the direction of urban restructuring.
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Palavras-chave
Reestruturação da cidade, Reestruturação urbana, Altamira, Amazônia, Restructuring of the city, Urban restructuring, Amazon