Diversidade genética, estrutura genética espacial, sistema de reprodução e fluxo gênico em jenipapo (Genipa americana Linnaeus) utilizando marcadores microssatélites
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Data
2016-12-15
Autores
Melo, Marília Freitas de Vasconcelos [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Estudos sobre ecologia e genética de populações são fundamentais para entender os efeitos da fragmentação sobre espécies florestais. Um estudo baseado em genética quantitativa e marcadores microssatélites foi realizado para investigar a diversidade genética, estrutura genética espacial, sistema de reprodução e a dispersão de pólen em uma população natural e em um teste de progênies de Genipa americana L. para fins de conservação e melhoramento genético. As coletas foram realizadas em duas populações: a primeira localizada no nordeste do Brasil, em uma área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica e a Caatinga (POP-SE) e a segunda no sudeste, em um Banco Ativo de Germoplasma estabelecido em área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica representada pela Florestal Estacional Semidecidual e o Cerrado (POP-SP). Foram coletados tecidos foliares de 30 árvores matrizes e 20 plantas/progênie em cada uma das populações. As análises do sistema de reprodução foram realizadas com base no modelo misto de reprodução e modelo de cruzamentos correlacionados. Como esperado em espécies dióicas, todas as progênies foram originadas de cruzamento (tm = 1). A taxa de cruzamento entre parentes (tm – ts) e a correlação de paternidade (rp) foram variáveis entre famílias (tm – ts= 0,03-0,19; rp= 0,04-0,40). O índice de fixação (F) foi significativamente menor em adultos que em progênies, indicando seleção contra indivíduos endogâmicos. A correlação de paternidade dentro de frutos (0,40) foi maior que entre frutos (0,26), indicando um menor número efetivo de doadores de pólen (Nep) dentro de frutos (2,5) que entre frutos (3,8). Devido a maior rp na POP-SE, o tamanho efetivo dentro de famílias nesta população foi menor (2,69) que na POP-SP (3,27). O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman mostrou que o aumento no Nep aumenta a diversidade genética e o Ne dentro de famílias. O padrão de dispersão de pólen foi fortemente leptocúrtico, sugerindo dispersão de pólen a longa distância (média = 179 m). Os resultados evidenciam a variabilidade genética entre os indivíduos e indicam a potencialidade dos mesmos para a conservação in situ, coleta de sementes para formação de bancos de germoplasma, bem como para a recuperação de áreas degradadas e futuros programas de melhoramento genético em áreas de transição entre diferentes biomas.
Studies about ecology and population genetics are essential to understand the effects of fragmentation on forest species. A study based on quantitative genetics and microsatellite markers was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, mating system and pollen dispersal in a natural population and onan progenies test of Genipa americana L. aiming conservation and breeding. Samples were collected in two populations: the first located in the northeast of Brazil, in a transition area between the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga (POP-SE) and the second in the southeast, in an Active Germplasm Bank established in area transition between the Atlantic represented by Forest Semideciduous and the Cerrado (POPSP). Leaf tissues were collected from 30 seed-trees and 20 plants/progeny in each of the populations. The analysis of the mating system were performed based on the mixed mating model and correlated crosses model. As expected in dioecious species, all offspring were originated from outcrossing ( m t = 1). The mating among relatives rate ( m s t t ) and paternity correlation ( p r ) were variable among families ( m s t t = 0.03-0.19; p r = 0.04-0.40), especially in NP. Fixation index ( F ) was generally significant lower in the adults than offspring, indicating selection against inbreed individuals. The paternity correlation within fruits (0.40) was higher than among fruits (0.26), indicating that lower effective number of pollen donors ( ep N ) within fruit (2.5) than among fruits (3.8). Due to the highest p r in NP, the effective size within families ( e N ) was lower in NP (2.69) than PT (3.27). The Spearman ranking correlation showed that the increase in ep N increase the genetic diversity and e N within families. The pollen dispersal pattern was strongly leptokurtic, suggesting long pollen dispersal distance (mean= 179 m). The results show the genetic variability among individuals and indicate the suitability of the same for conservation in-situ, seed collection for genebanks in training, as well as the recovery of degraded areas and future programs of breeding in transition areas between different biomes.
Studies about ecology and population genetics are essential to understand the effects of fragmentation on forest species. A study based on quantitative genetics and microsatellite markers was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, mating system and pollen dispersal in a natural population and onan progenies test of Genipa americana L. aiming conservation and breeding. Samples were collected in two populations: the first located in the northeast of Brazil, in a transition area between the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga (POP-SE) and the second in the southeast, in an Active Germplasm Bank established in area transition between the Atlantic represented by Forest Semideciduous and the Cerrado (POPSP). Leaf tissues were collected from 30 seed-trees and 20 plants/progeny in each of the populations. The analysis of the mating system were performed based on the mixed mating model and correlated crosses model. As expected in dioecious species, all offspring were originated from outcrossing ( m t = 1). The mating among relatives rate ( m s t t ) and paternity correlation ( p r ) were variable among families ( m s t t = 0.03-0.19; p r = 0.04-0.40), especially in NP. Fixation index ( F ) was generally significant lower in the adults than offspring, indicating selection against inbreed individuals. The paternity correlation within fruits (0.40) was higher than among fruits (0.26), indicating that lower effective number of pollen donors ( ep N ) within fruit (2.5) than among fruits (3.8). Due to the highest p r in NP, the effective size within families ( e N ) was lower in NP (2.69) than PT (3.27). The Spearman ranking correlation showed that the increase in ep N increase the genetic diversity and e N within families. The pollen dispersal pattern was strongly leptokurtic, suggesting long pollen dispersal distance (mean= 179 m). The results show the genetic variability among individuals and indicate the suitability of the same for conservation in-situ, seed collection for genebanks in training, as well as the recovery of degraded areas and future programs of breeding in transition areas between different biomes.
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Conservação genética, Fragmentação florestal, Genética de populações, Genetic conservation, Forest fragmentation, Population genetics