Rentabilidade econômica e dispêndios energéticos nos sistemas de café convencional e irrigado em três municípios na região de Marília, São Paulo
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Data
2016-12-16
Autores
Turco, Patrícia Helena Nogueira [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o benefício econômico e os dispêndios energéticos do cultivo de café, comparando os sistemas de café convencional e irrigado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, os sistemas produtivos foram delineados a partir de dados informados por uma amostra de produtores, para elaboração de uma matriz de coeficientes técnicos médios. A metodologia utilizada para a estimativa do custo operacional de produção é a do Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA) e foram avaliados indicadores de rentabilidade como receita bruta, lucro operacional e índice de lucratividade. Na análise energética foram observadas e quantificadas todas as operações realizadas, juntamente com suas exigências físicas, classificando-as em seus respectivos fluxos, a partir da definição das entradas e saídas de energia, traduzindo-as em equivalentes energéticos e determinando, assim, a matriz energética dos dois sistemas de produção de café. Os resultados da produtividade apontam que o café em sistema irrigado por gotejo produz 10,4 sacos de 60 kg de café beneficiado a mais que o sistema convencional. O custo operacional efetivo (COE) no sistema irrigado é maior do que no sistema convencional. Na composição do custo, no sistema de café convencional os maiores gastos foram com adubos no item insumos e, no sistema irrigado, os maiores dispêndios foram com máquinas e equipamentos principalmente com a colheita, nos anos de 2013, 2014 e 2015. Os lucros operacionais nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2015 foram positivos, sendo que o índice de lucratividade para o café convencional em 2015 foi de 44,8% e para o sistema irrigado por gotejo em 49,7%. No ano de 2014, os índices de lucratividade foram negativos tanto para o sistema de produção de café irrigado (- 8,6%) como para o sistema de café convencional, que foi de (-13,9%). A melhor opção para o produtor é o sistema irrigado por gotejo, pois possibilita diminuir o risco de perda na produção em períodos prolongados de déficits hídricos além de possibilitar o maior rendimento com uma produção maior de grãos. Os resultados energéticos mostram que na estrutura de dispêndios energéticos por tipo, fonte e origem, tem-se que a energia indireta participou com mais de 66%, sendo os adubos os dispêndios mais altos. O indicador de eficiência energética, nos dois sistemas de produção, apresenta um valor médio de 4,16 para café convencional e de 3,26 para o café irrigado. Esse valor indica que a relação entre a somatória das energias totais e a somatória das “entradas” de energia não renováveis é positiva. Vê-se, portanto, que o consumo de energia direta de origem fóssil é significativo nos dois sistemas de produção. O balanço energético, que mostra a diferença entre as energias totais e “entradas” de energias não renováveis, foi positivo nos dois sistemas produtivos, em média de 25.258,55 MJ ha-1 para o café convencional e 26.712,94 MJ ha-1 para o café irrigado por gotejo. A melhor opção entre os dois sistemas para o produtor em termos energéticos é o café irrigado por gotejo, pois possibilita que o produtor tenha uma melhor saída de energia mesmo tendo um valor maior no balanço energético. A continuação de estudos poderá fornecer subsídios sobre balanço energético. A determinação de informações específicas para as condições de produção de café pode contribuir como uma importante ferramenta para definir novas tecnologias e manejos da produção, proporcionando economia de energia e, consequentemente, aumento da eficiência energética e redução de custo de produção.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the economic benefit andthe energy of the coffee growing expenditures, comparing conventional and irrigated coffee systems. To develop the study, the production systems were designed from data reported by a sample of producers to draw up a matrix of average technical coefficients. The methodologies used to estimate the operating cost of production is the Institute of Agricultural Economics (IEA) and were evaluated three profitability indicators such as gross revenue, operating profit and profitability index were evaluated. In the energy analysis were studied and quantified in all operations conducted, along with their physical need, classifying them in their respective flows, from the definition of inputs and power outputs, translating the energy equivalent and determining thus energy matrix of the two coffee production systems. The results the productivity indicate that coffee in a drip irrigated system produces 10.4 bags of 60 kg more than the conventional coffee. The effective operational cost (COE) in irrigated system is greater than the conventional system. At cost composition is observed that in the conventional coffee system were higher spending with fertilizers in item inputs at the irrigation system, the largest expenditures were machinery and equipment mainly with the harvest in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. Operating profits in the years 2012, 2013 and 2015 were positive, and the profitability index for conventional coffee in 2015 was 44.8% and the irrigation system in 49.7%. In the year 2014, profitability ratios were negative for irrigated coffee production system (- 8.6%) and to conventional coffee system was (-13.9%).The best option for the producer and the drip irrigated system, since it allows to reduce the risk of loss in production in prolonged periods of water deficits, besides allowing the greater yield with a larger production of grains. The Energy results show that the structure of energy expenditures by type, source and origin, what indirect energy participated with more than 66%, and fertilizers are the highest expenditures. The energy efficiency indicator in both production systems, with an average of 4.16 for conventional coffee and 3.26 for irrigated coffee. This value indicates that the relationship between the sum of the total energy and the sum of the "inputs" of non-renewable energy are positive. We see, therefore, that the direct energy consumption of fossil fuels is significant in both production systems. The energy balance shows the difference between the total energy and "inputs" of non-renewable energy was positive in both production systems, on average 25,258.55 MJ ha-1 for conventional coffee and 26712.94 MJ ha-1 for drip irrigated coffee. The best option between the two systems for the producer on energy efficiency and drip irrigated coffee, since it allows the producer to have a better energy output of even though having a higher value in the energy balance. Continuing studies may provide subsidies on energy balance. The determination of specific information for coffee production conditions can contribute as an important tool to define new technologies and production management, which can lead to energy savings and, consequently, increase energy efficiency and reduce production costs.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the economic benefit andthe energy of the coffee growing expenditures, comparing conventional and irrigated coffee systems. To develop the study, the production systems were designed from data reported by a sample of producers to draw up a matrix of average technical coefficients. The methodologies used to estimate the operating cost of production is the Institute of Agricultural Economics (IEA) and were evaluated three profitability indicators such as gross revenue, operating profit and profitability index were evaluated. In the energy analysis were studied and quantified in all operations conducted, along with their physical need, classifying them in their respective flows, from the definition of inputs and power outputs, translating the energy equivalent and determining thus energy matrix of the two coffee production systems. The results the productivity indicate that coffee in a drip irrigated system produces 10.4 bags of 60 kg more than the conventional coffee. The effective operational cost (COE) in irrigated system is greater than the conventional system. At cost composition is observed that in the conventional coffee system were higher spending with fertilizers in item inputs at the irrigation system, the largest expenditures were machinery and equipment mainly with the harvest in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. Operating profits in the years 2012, 2013 and 2015 were positive, and the profitability index for conventional coffee in 2015 was 44.8% and the irrigation system in 49.7%. In the year 2014, profitability ratios were negative for irrigated coffee production system (- 8.6%) and to conventional coffee system was (-13.9%).The best option for the producer and the drip irrigated system, since it allows to reduce the risk of loss in production in prolonged periods of water deficits, besides allowing the greater yield with a larger production of grains. The Energy results show that the structure of energy expenditures by type, source and origin, what indirect energy participated with more than 66%, and fertilizers are the highest expenditures. The energy efficiency indicator in both production systems, with an average of 4.16 for conventional coffee and 3.26 for irrigated coffee. This value indicates that the relationship between the sum of the total energy and the sum of the "inputs" of non-renewable energy are positive. We see, therefore, that the direct energy consumption of fossil fuels is significant in both production systems. The energy balance shows the difference between the total energy and "inputs" of non-renewable energy was positive in both production systems, on average 25,258.55 MJ ha-1 for conventional coffee and 26712.94 MJ ha-1 for drip irrigated coffee. The best option between the two systems for the producer on energy efficiency and drip irrigated coffee, since it allows the producer to have a better energy output of even though having a higher value in the energy balance. Continuing studies may provide subsidies on energy balance. The determination of specific information for coffee production conditions can contribute as an important tool to define new technologies and production management, which can lead to energy savings and, consequently, increase energy efficiency and reduce production costs.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sistema de produção, Café, Irrigação, Rentabilidade, Eficiência energética, Production system, Coffee, Irrigated, Profitability, Energy efficiency