Estudo das vulnerabilidades social e ambiental em áreas de riscos de desastres naturais no município de Caraguatatuba SP
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Data
2016-12-15
Autores
Bortoletto, Kátia Cristina [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A presente pesquisa tem como área de estudo a cidade do município de Caraguatatuba (SP), que apresenta um histórico de desastres naturais e de comunidades que convivem em áreas de riscos de desastres naturais. Os estudos de vulnerabilidades social e ambiental têm se mostrado de grande importância na modelagem espacial de riscos de desastres. O objetiva dessa pesquisa foi apresentar a análise das vulnerabilidades social e ambiental integradas a mapas do meio físico, com o intuito de gerar mapas síntese de áreas de risco de desastres no município de Caraguatatuba SP por meio de SIG para dois cenários, 2000 e 2010. A base metodológica em Cutter (1996) e Mendes et al. (2009). Os resultados mostraram que os desastres relacionados aos processos de inundação, alagamento e deslizamento que ocorreram nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro, março, abril, outubro e dezembro e precipitação média mensal de 120 a 400mm. Os anos com maior número de afetados foram 2005 e 2013 com 109 e 331 afetados, respectivamente por processo hidrológico (inundação e alagamento). Os desastres relacionados aos processos geológicos (deslizamento) foram registrados nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2015 e nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro, outubro e dezembro, apresentando um total de 54 pessoas atingidas. Os bairros envolvidos nos desastres, considerando-se as vulnerabilidades social e ambiental do ano 2010, foram: Olaria, Casa Branca, Perequê Mirim, Pegorelli, Travessão e Golfinho, inseridos na classe muito alta de vulnerabilidades social e ambiental. Os bairros Jaraguazinho e Barranco Alto estão na classe de vulnerabilidades social e ambiental alta. Esses bairros se localizam em áreas com características de urbanização precária e ocupadas por população com renda de até dois salários mínimos e incidência de população jovem. Na análise dos mapas sínteses de riscos de desastres na área urbana e na bacia do rio Santo Antônio, verifica-se que as áreas de risco alto e muito alto de desastres de deslizamento coincidem com as áreas de riscos existentes no município. As áreas com histórico de desastres de inundação alinham-se às áreas de riscos de inundação muito alto, alto e médio, decorrentes da análise multicritério desenvolvida nesta pesquisa. O estudo das vulnerabilidades social e ambiental e dos riscos propiciou a identificação de grupos vulneráveis e de indicadores socioambientais que contribuem para definição da vulnerabilidade das pessoas e dos lugares frente aos riscos de desastres naturais. Pode-se concluir também que o uso de critérios relacionados à percepção de riscos de desastres, de forma a contemplar o desenvolvimento de ações de mitigação e ou de enfrentamento de desastres, entre os principais atores da sociedade civil - a população que vive em áreas de risco, representantes do poder público e da sociedade civil – permite delinear cenários compatíveis com a realidade do local e poderão servir para análise e futuras intervenções do poder público na gestão e no enfrentamento de riscos de desastres. O entendimento das causas de desastres relacionados às chuvas torna-se um desafio para pesquisadores e gestores públicos, pois as questões chaves englobam os aspectos físicos, sociais e ambientais, os quais atuam em diferentes níveis, tanto de influência quanto de correlação, tornando sua análise e busca de soluções, uma tarefa complexa. Além disso, como recomendação para trabalhos futuros, pretende-se desenvolver estudos no contexto da participação popular em estratégias de RRD e de resiliências da população em situação de riscos de desastres.
The present study has as its research area the city of Caraguatatuba (state of São Paulo), which presents a historical of natural disasters and communities living in areas of natural disaster risk. Social and environmental vulnerability studies have shown to be of great importance in the spatial modeling of disaster risks. The aim of this study was to present an analysis of social and environmental vulnerabilities integrated to maps of the physical environment, in order to generate maps of disaster risk areas in the city of Caraguatatuba by means of GIS for two scenarios, 2000 and 2010. The methodological basis is in Cutter (1996) and Mendes et al. (2009). The results showed that disasters related to hydrological (flooding) and geological (landslides) processes occurred in the months of January, February, March, April, October and December and the average monthly precipitation was between 120 and 400mm. The years with the highest numbers of affected were 2005 and 2013 with 109 and 331 affected respectively by hydrological processes (flooding). Disasters related to geological processes (landslides) were registered in the years of 2012, 2013 and 2015 and in the months of January, February, October and December, with a total of 54 people affected. Districts involved in the disasters, considering the social and environmental vulnerabilities of 2010, were: Olaria, Casa Branca, Perequê Mirim, Pegorelli, Travessão and Golfinho - all of those inserted in the very high social and environmental vulnerability class. The districts of Jaraguazinho and Barranco Alto are in the high social and environmental vulnerability class. Districts with very high and high vulnerability are located in areas with precarious urbanization characteristics and occupied by population with an income of up to two minimum wages and incidence of youth population. In the analysis of landslides and flooding risk synthesis maps in the urban area and the Santo Antônio river basin, it can be seen that the high and very high risk areas of landslide disasters coincide with the risk areas in the city. The areas with a history of flood disasters are aligned to the areas of very high, medium and high flood risks, resulting from the multicriteria analysis developed in this research. The study of social and environmental vulnerabilities and risks has led to the identification of vulnerable groups and socio-environmental indicators that contribute to the definition of the vulnerability of people and places to the risks of natural disasters. It can also be concluded that the use of criteria related to the perception of disaster risks, in order to consider the development of mitigation actions and/or disaster response, among the main actors of civil society - the population living in areas of risk, public and civil society representatives - allow the definition of scenarios that are compatible with the reality of the site and that can be used for analysis and future interventions by public authorities in the management and response of disaster risk. Understanding the causes of disasters related to rainfall is a challenge for researchers and public managers, because since the key issues involve physical, social and environmental, which act at different levels of both influence and correlation, making their analysis and search for solutions, a complex task. In addition, as a recommendation for future research, it is intended to develop studies in the context of popular participation in DRR strategies and resilience of the population in a situation of disaster risks.
The present study has as its research area the city of Caraguatatuba (state of São Paulo), which presents a historical of natural disasters and communities living in areas of natural disaster risk. Social and environmental vulnerability studies have shown to be of great importance in the spatial modeling of disaster risks. The aim of this study was to present an analysis of social and environmental vulnerabilities integrated to maps of the physical environment, in order to generate maps of disaster risk areas in the city of Caraguatatuba by means of GIS for two scenarios, 2000 and 2010. The methodological basis is in Cutter (1996) and Mendes et al. (2009). The results showed that disasters related to hydrological (flooding) and geological (landslides) processes occurred in the months of January, February, March, April, October and December and the average monthly precipitation was between 120 and 400mm. The years with the highest numbers of affected were 2005 and 2013 with 109 and 331 affected respectively by hydrological processes (flooding). Disasters related to geological processes (landslides) were registered in the years of 2012, 2013 and 2015 and in the months of January, February, October and December, with a total of 54 people affected. Districts involved in the disasters, considering the social and environmental vulnerabilities of 2010, were: Olaria, Casa Branca, Perequê Mirim, Pegorelli, Travessão and Golfinho - all of those inserted in the very high social and environmental vulnerability class. The districts of Jaraguazinho and Barranco Alto are in the high social and environmental vulnerability class. Districts with very high and high vulnerability are located in areas with precarious urbanization characteristics and occupied by population with an income of up to two minimum wages and incidence of youth population. In the analysis of landslides and flooding risk synthesis maps in the urban area and the Santo Antônio river basin, it can be seen that the high and very high risk areas of landslide disasters coincide with the risk areas in the city. The areas with a history of flood disasters are aligned to the areas of very high, medium and high flood risks, resulting from the multicriteria analysis developed in this research. The study of social and environmental vulnerabilities and risks has led to the identification of vulnerable groups and socio-environmental indicators that contribute to the definition of the vulnerability of people and places to the risks of natural disasters. It can also be concluded that the use of criteria related to the perception of disaster risks, in order to consider the development of mitigation actions and/or disaster response, among the main actors of civil society - the population living in areas of risk, public and civil society representatives - allow the definition of scenarios that are compatible with the reality of the site and that can be used for analysis and future interventions by public authorities in the management and response of disaster risk. Understanding the causes of disasters related to rainfall is a challenge for researchers and public managers, because since the key issues involve physical, social and environmental, which act at different levels of both influence and correlation, making their analysis and search for solutions, a complex task. In addition, as a recommendation for future research, it is intended to develop studies in the context of popular participation in DRR strategies and resilience of the population in a situation of disaster risks.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Vulnerabilidade ambiental, SIG, Desastres, Riscos, Vulnerabilidade social, Social vulnerability, Environmental vulnerability, Disasters, GIS, Risk