O território quilombola do Alto Acará/PA como resistência à expansão do agronegócio do dendê
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Data
2020-03-10
Autores
Silva, Jamilli Medeiros de Oliveira da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A expansão do monocultivo do dendê no estado do Pará é um fenômeno com grande notoriedade na academia e mídias de informação, muito incentivada por políticas públicas como do Plano Nacional de Uso e Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB), o Plano Palma Verde e o Programa de Produção Sustentável de Óleo de Palma (PSOP). Essas medidas e a devida aptidão agroclimática fez com que o dendê se expandisse vertiginosamente para a mesorregião do Nordeste do estado do Pará, a qual possui a maior produção de dendê do país atualmente, sob o slogan da sustentabilidade ambiental de uma energia “ecologicamente correta”, contribuindo com a busca de energias renováveis por meio de fontes de biomassa advindas do refino do óleo de dendê; também como uma medida de “resposta” aos alertas acerca das mudanças climáticas globais, o Brasil tem buscado desenvolver políticas públicas no caminho pavimentado pela dita “economia verde”. Esse conjunto de fatores demonstra o potencial de expansão do dendê, seja por sua produtividade, pela sua justificativa ambiental e consequente monetarização da natureza, seja por meio de políticas de aquisição e investimentos em terras agrícolas sob o chamado fenômeno land grabbing, ou pelos investimentos governamentais destinados à monocultura. Essas ações provocaram e provocam um novo rearranjo no cenário agrário já complexo da Amazônia, visto que esta é uma região constituída pela vivência de diversos sujeitos como indígenas, quilombolas, ribeirinhos, posseiros etc., os quais entram em choque pelos diferentes significados que dão à terra em relação à expansão do agronegócio do dendê. Diante disso, objetivamos analisar os processos e as dinâmicas do território camponês de origem quilombola das comunidades de Vila Formosa e 19 do Maçaranduba, mediante os avanços do agronegócio do dendê no município de Acará – PA. A metodologia consistiu na realização entrevistas, por meio de questionários semiestruturados com as famílias quilombolas, bem como entrevistas abertas que seguiram um roteiro previamente elaborado, direcionadas a algumas lideranças; também realizamos um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os assuntos que circundam a temática de estudo da questão agrária na Amazônia. Ao final da pesquisa, constatamos que a expansão do dendê em direção às comunidades estudadas acontece por meio da monopolização do território, provocando, com isso, inúmeros conflitos de ordem socioambiental e territorial, o que representa novas disputas fundiárias na região, além de prejudicar bens comuns historicamente apropriados pelos quilombolas, ao contaminar as águas dos rios e solos devido à utilização de agrotóxicos no monocultivo. Diante dessas mudanças, as comunidades pesquisadas se encontraram cercadas pelo agronegócio do dendê. Assim, passaram a se organizar em torno da história de seus antepassados, se autointitulando quilombolas para buscar a titulação de seu território e preservar seu modo de vida da/na floresta de maneira comunal, resistindo enquanto povos da floresta.
The expansion of oil palm monoculture in the state of Pará is a phenomenon with great notoriety in the academy and information media, very encouraged by public policies like the National Biodiesel Use and Production Plan (PNPB), the Palma Verde Plan and the Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program (PSOP). These measures and the appropriate agroclimatic aptitude caused oil palm to expand vertiginously to the northeastern mesoregion of the state of Pará, which currently has the largest oil palm production in the country, under the slogan of environmental sustainability of an “ecologically correct” energy, contributing to the search for renewable energy through biomass sources from the refining of palm oil; also as a measure of "response" to warnings about global climate change, Brazil has sought to develop public policies on the path paved by the so-called "green economy". This set of factors demonstrates the potential for oil palm expansion, either for its productivity, for its environmental justification and the consequent monetization of nature, either through policies for acquisition and investments in agricultural land under the so-called land grabbing phenomenon, or through government investments for monoculture. These actions provoked and cause a new rearrangement in the already complex agrarian scenario in the Amazon, since this is a region constituted by the experience of several subjects such as indigenous, quilombolas, riverside dwellers, etc., who enter into shock due to the different meanings they give to land in relation to the expansion of oil palm agribusiness. In view of this, we aim to analyze the processes and dynamics of the quilombola peasant territory of the communities of Vila Formosa and 19 do Maçaranduba, through the advances of palm oil agribusiness in the city of Acará - PA. The methodology consisted of conducting interviews, through semi-structured questionnaires with quilombola families, as well as open interviews that followed a previously prepared script, targeted at some leaders; we also carried out a bibliographic survey on the issues surrounding the theme of studying the agrarian issue in the Amazon. At the end of the research, we found that the expansion of oil palm towards the studied communities occurs through the monopolization of the territory, causing, therefore, innumerable socio-environmental and territorial conflicts, which represents new land disputes in the region, in addition to damaging common properties historically appropriated by quilombolas, when contaminating the waters of rivers and soils due to the use of pesticides in monoculture. Faced with these changes, the researched communities found themselves surrounded by palm oil agribusiness. Thus, they started to organize themselves around the history of their ancestors, calling themselves quilombolas to seek the title of their territory and preserve their way of life of/in the forest in a communal way, resisting as peoples of the forest.
The expansion of oil palm monoculture in the state of Pará is a phenomenon with great notoriety in the academy and information media, very encouraged by public policies like the National Biodiesel Use and Production Plan (PNPB), the Palma Verde Plan and the Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program (PSOP). These measures and the appropriate agroclimatic aptitude caused oil palm to expand vertiginously to the northeastern mesoregion of the state of Pará, which currently has the largest oil palm production in the country, under the slogan of environmental sustainability of an “ecologically correct” energy, contributing to the search for renewable energy through biomass sources from the refining of palm oil; also as a measure of "response" to warnings about global climate change, Brazil has sought to develop public policies on the path paved by the so-called "green economy". This set of factors demonstrates the potential for oil palm expansion, either for its productivity, for its environmental justification and the consequent monetization of nature, either through policies for acquisition and investments in agricultural land under the so-called land grabbing phenomenon, or through government investments for monoculture. These actions provoked and cause a new rearrangement in the already complex agrarian scenario in the Amazon, since this is a region constituted by the experience of several subjects such as indigenous, quilombolas, riverside dwellers, etc., who enter into shock due to the different meanings they give to land in relation to the expansion of oil palm agribusiness. In view of this, we aim to analyze the processes and dynamics of the quilombola peasant territory of the communities of Vila Formosa and 19 do Maçaranduba, through the advances of palm oil agribusiness in the city of Acará - PA. The methodology consisted of conducting interviews, through semi-structured questionnaires with quilombola families, as well as open interviews that followed a previously prepared script, targeted at some leaders; we also carried out a bibliographic survey on the issues surrounding the theme of studying the agrarian issue in the Amazon. At the end of the research, we found that the expansion of oil palm towards the studied communities occurs through the monopolization of the territory, causing, therefore, innumerable socio-environmental and territorial conflicts, which represents new land disputes in the region, in addition to damaging common properties historically appropriated by quilombolas, when contaminating the waters of rivers and soils due to the use of pesticides in monoculture. Faced with these changes, the researched communities found themselves surrounded by palm oil agribusiness. Thus, they started to organize themselves around the history of their ancestors, calling themselves quilombolas to seek the title of their territory and preserve their way of life of/in the forest in a communal way, resisting as peoples of the forest.
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Palavras-chave
Agronegócio, Dendê, Quilombolas, Território, Resistência, Agribusiness, Palm oil, Territory, Resistance