Phase-Locked Loop design applied to frequency-modulated atomic force microscope
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Elsevier B.V.
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The atomic force microscope (AFM) introduced the surface investigation with true atomic resolution. In the frequency modulation technique (FM-AFM) both the amplitude and the frequency of oscillation of the micro-cantilever must be kept constant even in the presence of tip-surface interaction forces. For that reason, the proper design of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) used in FM-AFM is vital to system performance. Here, the mathematical model of the FM-AFM control system is derived considering high order PLL In addition a method to design stable third-order Phase-Locked Loops is presented. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy, Phase-Locked Loops, Nonlinear dynamics, Mathematical model
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Inglês
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Communications In Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V., v. 16, n. 9, p. 3835-3843, 2011.
