O tráfego de máquinas agrícolas e as propriedades físicas, hídricas e mecânicas de um Latossolo dos Cerrados
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Data
2003-12-01
Autores
Silva, Reginaldo Barboza da [UNESP]
Dias Junior, M. S.
Silva, Francisca Alcivania de Melo [UNESP]
Fole, S. M.
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo
Resumo
No Brasil, o tráfego contínuo e inadequado de rodados de máquinas e a ação da soleira dos implementos sobre áreas agrícolas na região dos Cerrados têm provocado alterações dos atributos físicos e mecânicos dos solos. Com este entendimento, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do rodado traseiro e da soleira de implementos agrícolas, usualmente utilizados na região dos Cerrados, sobre a compressibilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. Os ensaios foram realizados em parcelas preparadas com arado de discos, arado de aivecas, grade aradora e semeadora/adubadora, que, desde novembro de 1994 até à data da amostragem, novembro de 1999, estiveram sob o sistema plantio direto. As alterações na compressibilidade foram avaliadas pela quantificação das pressões de preconsolidação, assim como por algumas propriedades físicas e hídricas (densidade do solo, porosidade e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado) no momento do preparo e depois da colheita. No momento do preparo, logo depois da passada do rodado e antes que o implemento mobilizasse o solo, o solo foi avaliado em superfície (SP - 0,00 a 0,05 m) e na profundidade média de trabalho (PMT - 0,24 a 0,27 m). A influência da soleira dos implementos foi avaliada logo depois do corte, na profundidade de trabalho abaixo da soleira de cada implemento (PT-SI). Depois da colheita, as amostragens foram repetidas, o que permitiu verificar a influência dos tráfegos subseqüentes. A intensidade de tráfego do rodado e a ação da soleira dos implementos alteraram a compressibilidade, a densidade do solo, a porosidade e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado do Latossolo Vermelho distrófico nas profundidades: superficial (SP), profundidade média de trabalho (PMT) e profundidade de corte dos implementos (PT-SI). de maneira geral, a passada do rodado traseiro aumentou os valores de pressão de preconsolidação (sigmap) do solo na superfície (SP), enquanto o tráfego subseqüente, necessário ao cultivo, elevou esses valores em subsuperfície, tanto na PMP como em PT-SI. A passada do rodado elevou e reduziu a densidade do solo (Ds) e a macroporosidade, respectivamente, tendo sido o arado de aivecas o implemento que mais modificou essas propriedades. As soleiras dos órgãos ativos do arado de discos e da grade aradora foram as que mais elevaram a pressão de preconsolidação (sigmap), consolidando, portanto, a estrutura do solo na profundidade PT-SI. Com exceção da semeadora/adubadora, a soleira dos órgãos ativos dos demais implementos avaliados reduziram significativamente a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks) na profundidade PT-SI, tendo o arado de aivecas se mostrado o implemento mais impactante, seguido da grade aradora e arado de discos.
The continuous and inadequate machine traffic and, or, the use of tillage tools on agricultural areas of the Cerrado region have been changing the soil physical and mechanical properties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of the rear wheel and the sill on the compressibility of a dystrophic Red Latosol, caused by agricultural tillage tools usually used in the Cerrado region. This study was carried out in plots tillage with disk plow, moldboard plow, heavy disk harrow and seeders, that since November of 1994 to the sampling date, November of 1999, they were under no-till system. The changes in the soil compressibility were assessed through the preconsolidation pressures, as well as, with some physical and hydric properties (Bulk density, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity), during tillage process and after harvest. During tillage operations, just after the rear wheel pass and before the implement mobilized the soil, the soil was evaluated in the surface (SP-0.00 to 0.05 m) and in the medium work depth (PMT - 0.24 to 0.27 m). The influence of the implements sill was evaluated just after the cut, in the work depth below the sill of each implement (PT-SI). After the harvest, the samplings were repeated, to verify the influence of the subsequent traffics. Traffic intensity and the implements sills altered the soil compressibility, the bulk density, the porosity and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the dystrophic Red Latosol in the surface depths (SP), medium work depth (PMT) and cutting depth of the implements (PT-SI). In general, the rear wheel pass increased the preconsolidation pressure (sigmap) in the soil surface (SP), while the subsequent traffic, necessary to the cultivation, increase those values in subsurface, in PMT and in PT-SI depths. The wheels pass increase and reduced the bulk density (Ds) and the macro porosity, respectively, and the moldboard plow was the implement that caused more impact in those properties. The sills of the active organs of the disk plow and disk harrow were the ones that more increased the preconsolidation pressure (sigmap), compacting the soil at PT-SI depth. Except the seeders/fertilizer, the sill of the active organs of the other appraised implements reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) significantly in the PT-SI depth, and the moldboard plow was the implement that caused more soil impact, following by the disk harrow and the disk plow.
The continuous and inadequate machine traffic and, or, the use of tillage tools on agricultural areas of the Cerrado region have been changing the soil physical and mechanical properties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of the rear wheel and the sill on the compressibility of a dystrophic Red Latosol, caused by agricultural tillage tools usually used in the Cerrado region. This study was carried out in plots tillage with disk plow, moldboard plow, heavy disk harrow and seeders, that since November of 1994 to the sampling date, November of 1999, they were under no-till system. The changes in the soil compressibility were assessed through the preconsolidation pressures, as well as, with some physical and hydric properties (Bulk density, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity), during tillage process and after harvest. During tillage operations, just after the rear wheel pass and before the implement mobilized the soil, the soil was evaluated in the surface (SP-0.00 to 0.05 m) and in the medium work depth (PMT - 0.24 to 0.27 m). The influence of the implements sill was evaluated just after the cut, in the work depth below the sill of each implement (PT-SI). After the harvest, the samplings were repeated, to verify the influence of the subsequent traffics. Traffic intensity and the implements sills altered the soil compressibility, the bulk density, the porosity and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the dystrophic Red Latosol in the surface depths (SP), medium work depth (PMT) and cutting depth of the implements (PT-SI). In general, the rear wheel pass increased the preconsolidation pressure (sigmap) in the soil surface (SP), while the subsequent traffic, necessary to the cultivation, increase those values in subsurface, in PMT and in PT-SI depths. The wheels pass increase and reduced the bulk density (Ds) and the macro porosity, respectively, and the moldboard plow was the implement that caused more impact in those properties. The sills of the active organs of the disk plow and disk harrow were the ones that more increased the preconsolidation pressure (sigmap), compacting the soil at PT-SI depth. Except the seeders/fertilizer, the sill of the active organs of the other appraised implements reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) significantly in the PT-SI depth, and the moldboard plow was the implement that caused more soil impact, following by the disk harrow and the disk plow.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
compactação do solo, compressibilidade, sistema de manejo, trafegabilidade, soil compaction, compressibility, management system, trafegability
Como citar
Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 27, n. 6, p. 973-983, 2003.