Photodynamic inactivation of biofilm: Taking a lightly colored approach to stubborn infection
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Microbial biofilms are responsible for a variety of microbial infections in different parts of the body, such as urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infections, gingivitis, caries, periodontitis, orthopedic implants, and so on. The microbial biofilm cells have properties and gene expression patterns distinct from planktonic cells, including phenotypic variations in enzymic activity, cell wall composition and surface structure, which increase the resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial treatments. There is consequently an urgent need for new approaches to attack biofilm-associated microorganisms, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be a promising candidate. aPDT involves the combination of a nontoxic dye and low-intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. It has been demonstrated that many biofilms are susceptible to aPDT, particularly in dental disease. This review will focus on aspects of aPDT that are designed to increase efficiency against biofilms modalities to enhance penetration of photosensitizer into biofilm, and a combination of aPDT with biofilm-disrupting agents. © 2013 Informa UK Ltd.
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antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, biofilm, dental infection, extracellular polysaccharide, microbial resistance, multidrug efflux pump, persister cells, photosensitizers, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, nanoparticle, antibacterial activity, antibiotic resistance, antifungal activity, bacterial gene, bacterial viability, bacterium adherence, Candida albicans, cell adhesion, cell function, complex formation, confocal laser microscopy, drug delivery system, environmental stress, extracellular matrix, human, interspecific competition, intraspecific competition, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, microbial activity, microbial community, nanopharmaceutics, nonhuman, photodynamic therapy, photosensitization, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, review, signal transduction, species difference, Staphylococcus epidermidis, structure analysis
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Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, v. 11, n. 7, p. 669-693, 2013.
