Potencial contaminante e energético da vinhaça: riscos de contaminação ao solo e recursos hídricos e recuperação de energia a partir da digestão anaeróbica
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Data
2013-02-19
Autores
Fuess, Lucas Tadeu [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A vinhaça caracteriza-se como a principal água residuária do processo produtivo do etanol, gerada especificamente na etapa de destilação da mistura alcoólica obtida na fermentação. Independentemente do tipo de matéria-prima, a vinhaça apresenta elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica, bem como características ácidas e corrosivas. Somam-se a essas características elevadas concentrações de potássio e sulfato, além de teores apreciáveis de fósforo, nitrogênio e outros macro e micronutrientes. Atualmente praticamente todo o volume de vinhaça gerado nas destilarias brasileiras (≈13 L/LEtOH) é direcionado à ferti-irrigação das lavouras, devido ao seu caráter fertilizante. Contudo, o potencial poluente/contaminante da vinhaça caracteriza sua disposição no solo como problemática, tendo em vista prováveis impactos negativos no solo e nos recursos hídricos no caso da aplicação de dosagens inadequadas. Possíveis casos de contaminação por metais tóxicos também podem estar associados ao descarte da vinhaça. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o real potencial poluente/contaminante da vinhaça resultante do processamento da cana-deaçúcar, e as implicações de sua disposição inadequada no solo e/ou despejo em corpos d’água. Considerando a elevada concentração de matéria orgânica verificada na vinhaça, neste trabalho também avaliou-se o potencial energético, isto é, a capacidade de recuperação de energia da digestão anaeróbia aplicada ao seu tratamento. As análises foram baseadas em procedimentos experimentais e em dados obtidos na literatura. Com relação à ferti-irrigação, os principais empecilhos ao reaproveitamento da vinhaça in natura englobaram os riscos [i] de salinização do solo, devido aos elevados valores de condutividade elétrica (>6,0 dS/m) e sólidos...
Stillage is characterized as the main wastewater from ethanol production, generated specifically in the step of distillation of the alcoholic media resulting from fermentation. Regardless of the feedstock, stillage contains high concentrations of organic matter, as well as acidic and corrosive characteristics. Added to these characteristics high concentrations of potassium and sulfate are present on stillage, as well as substantial levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and other macro and micronutrients. Currently almost the entire volume of stillage generated in Brazilian distilleries (13 L/LEtOH) is directed to the fertigation of the fields, due to its fertilizer character. However, the polluting/contaminant potential of stillage characterizes its land disposal as problematic, considering probable negative impacts over the soil and water resources in case of excessive dosages. Possible cases of contamination by toxic metals may also be associated to the disposal of stillage. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the real polluting/contaminant potential of sugarcane stillage, and the implications of its improper land disposal and/or discharge into water bodies. Considering the high concentration of organic matter found in stillage, in this study the energetic potential, i.e., the energy recovery capacity of anaerobic digestion applied to its treatment was also assessed. Analyses were based on experimental procedures and on data from the literature. With respect to fertigation, the main obstacles to reuse stillage in natura included risks of [i] soil salinization, due to the high electrical conductivity values (>6,0 dS/m) and high total dissolved solids content (>4000 mg/L) observed in the analyzed samples; [ii] clogging of pores and reduction in the microbial activity, in addition to the consumption of the dissolved oxygen in water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Stillage is characterized as the main wastewater from ethanol production, generated specifically in the step of distillation of the alcoholic media resulting from fermentation. Regardless of the feedstock, stillage contains high concentrations of organic matter, as well as acidic and corrosive characteristics. Added to these characteristics high concentrations of potassium and sulfate are present on stillage, as well as substantial levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and other macro and micronutrients. Currently almost the entire volume of stillage generated in Brazilian distilleries (13 L/LEtOH) is directed to the fertigation of the fields, due to its fertilizer character. However, the polluting/contaminant potential of stillage characterizes its land disposal as problematic, considering probable negative impacts over the soil and water resources in case of excessive dosages. Possible cases of contamination by toxic metals may also be associated to the disposal of stillage. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the real polluting/contaminant potential of sugarcane stillage, and the implications of its improper land disposal and/or discharge into water bodies. Considering the high concentration of organic matter found in stillage, in this study the energetic potential, i.e., the energy recovery capacity of anaerobic digestion applied to its treatment was also assessed. Analyses were based on experimental procedures and on data from the literature. With respect to fertigation, the main obstacles to reuse stillage in natura included risks of [i] soil salinization, due to the high electrical conductivity values (>6,0 dS/m) and high total dissolved solids content (>4000 mg/L) observed in the analyzed samples; [ii] clogging of pores and reduction in the microbial activity, in addition to the consumption of the dissolved oxygen in water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Environmental engineering, Engenharia ambiental, Vinhaça, Solos - Poluição, Vinhaça - Toxicologia, Digestão anaeróbia, Álcool
Como citar
FUESS, Lucas Tadeu. Potencial contaminante e energético da vinhaça: riscos de contaminação ao solo e recursos hídricos e recuperação de energia a partir da digestão anaeróbica. 2013. 161 f. Dissertação - (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas de Rio Claro, 2013.