Explorando o infinito de Cantor e apresentando-o ao ensino médio
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Data
2019-12-19
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar, de forma rigorosa, como a matemática aborda o conceito de infinito e propor uma sequência de atividades para que o professor possa explorar esse tema com seus alunos de forma inovadora e estimulante. Muito do que é compreendido acerca do infinito se deve às ideias desenvolvidas por Georg Cantor, que estabeleceu a teoria dos números cardinais transfinitos, gerando uma série de resultados surpreendentes, que serão apresentados ao longo dessa dissertação. Cantor descobriu que existem diversos tipos de infinito e definiu critérios para classificá-los e compará-los. Para compreender esta teoria, é fundamental recordar os conceitos básicos da teoria de conjuntos e funções. Além disso, serão apresentados formalmente os números naturais através dos axiomas de Peano, bem como suas operações e propriedades. A partir deste, será construído o conjunto dos números inteiros, racionais e reais. Dessa forma, será possível definir formalmente a noção de conjunto finito e infinito, bem como a noção de conjuntos enumeráveis, e não-enumeráveis, e estabelecer critérios para comparar a cardinalidade de tais conjuntos. O trabalho é finalizado com a apresentação de uma proposta didática voltada para os alunos de ensino médio, sustentado no relato de duas experiências de sua aplicação. O tema é abordado utilizando atividades diferenciadas e fundamentadas no cotidiano, visando com isto contribuir para que os alunos apresentem um maior interesse e uma participação mais ativa nas aulas.
The aim of this work is to present in a rigorous way how mathematics approaches the concept of the in nite and to propose a sequence of activities so that the teacher can explore this theme with his students in an innovative and stimulating way. Much of what is understood about infinite is due to the ideas developed by Georg Cantor who established the theory of transfinite cardinal numbers generating a series of surprising results that will be presented throughout this dissertation. Cantor found that there are several types of infinite and defined criteria for classifying and comparing them. To understand this theory it is essential to remember the basic concepts of set and function theory. In addition natural numbers will be formally presented through Peano axioms as well as their operations and properties. From the natural numbers the sets of integers, rationals and reals will be constructed. Then it will be possible to formally de ne the notions of finite and infinite sets as well as the notions of countable and uncountable sets and establish criteria for comparing the cardinality of such sets. The work is concluded with the presentation of a didactic proposal aimed at high school students supported by the report of two experiences of its application. The theme is presented through difierent activities, based on daily life, aiming to contribute to the students to show more interest and participate more actively in the classes.
The aim of this work is to present in a rigorous way how mathematics approaches the concept of the in nite and to propose a sequence of activities so that the teacher can explore this theme with his students in an innovative and stimulating way. Much of what is understood about infinite is due to the ideas developed by Georg Cantor who established the theory of transfinite cardinal numbers generating a series of surprising results that will be presented throughout this dissertation. Cantor found that there are several types of infinite and defined criteria for classifying and comparing them. To understand this theory it is essential to remember the basic concepts of set and function theory. In addition natural numbers will be formally presented through Peano axioms as well as their operations and properties. From the natural numbers the sets of integers, rationals and reals will be constructed. Then it will be possible to formally de ne the notions of finite and infinite sets as well as the notions of countable and uncountable sets and establish criteria for comparing the cardinality of such sets. The work is concluded with the presentation of a didactic proposal aimed at high school students supported by the report of two experiences of its application. The theme is presented through difierent activities, based on daily life, aiming to contribute to the students to show more interest and participate more actively in the classes.
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Palavras-chave
Conjunto finito, Conjunto infinito, Cardinalidade, Cantor, Ensino de matemática, Finite set, Infinite set, Cadinality, Mathematics teaching