Compostos bioativos produzidos por fungos da Antártica: produção, isolamento e identificação
Data
2022-10-26
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os produtos naturais são uma importante fonte de compostos bioativos com estruturas químicas complexas e diversificadas. Na busca por compostos bioativos, estudos têm explorado a bioprospecção de moléculas produzidas por microrganismos provenientes de ambientes extremos, entre eles, os ambientes terrestre e marinho da Antártica. As condições severas desse habitat requerem a adaptação dos microrganismos ali encontrados para sobrevivência, adaptações que podem ser fisiológicas ou bioquímicas e trazem consigo o desenvolvimento de rotas metabólicas alternativas ou novas, o que potencializa a produção de estruturas químicas únicas por esses isolados. Na agricultura, o interesse pelo emprego de metabólitos bioativos consiste em alternativa aos produtos químicos sintéticos tradicionalmente empregados no controle de pragas, doenças e na promoção do crescimento vegetal, visto que o amplo e continuo uso de alguns produtos pode levar à pressão de seleção entre fitopatógenos e outros impactos ambientais. Na indústria, a procura por compostos alternativos é ponto de interesse de diversos estudos para reduzir a toxicidade de resíduos. Neste contexto, o isolamento e identificação de compostos bioativos produzidos por fungos da Antártica é o foco dessa pesquisa, com o objetivo de explorar o potencial de tais compostos no desenvolvimento de formulações viáveis para a agricultura e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuir para a ampliação do conhecimento da diversidade de metabólitos produzidos por esses isolados. Quatro isolados de sedimentos marinhos, CRM1545A, CRM1540, CRM 1527 e CRM1545B foram cultivados em três meios distintos. O cultivo e bioprospecção da linhagem Penicillium sp. CRM1540 resultou no isolamento de dois compostos bioativos contra fitopatógenos, o ácido penicílico (AP) e o ácido ciclopáldico (AC). O ácido penicílico inibiu o crescimento de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri em 90% a 25 μg/mL in vitro e diminuiu a emergência de sintomas de cancro cítrico em folhas de Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck em 75,31% em casa de vegetação. Experimentos com ácido ciclopáldico, revelaram o potencial desse composto como agente antifúngico contra Macrophomina phaseolina e Rhizoctonia solani. Um composto de interesse na indústria da biomassa, ácido 5- hidroximetil-furano-2-carboxílico foi isolado e identificado a partir do extrato produzido pelo isolado CRM 1545A. Os compostos isolados pela aplicação de métodos de cromatografia e espectroscopia, consistem em potenciais alternativas na formulação de novas moléculas-chave para a agricultura e indústria e provam o potencial de microrganismos de ambientes marinhos extremos como um reservatório de compostos úteis ainda inexplorado.
Natural products are an important source of bioactive compounds with complex and diversified chemical structures. Aiming to discover bioactive compounds, researches have been exploring the bioprospection of molecules produced by microorganisms from extreme environments such as the terrestrial and marine regions of Antarctica. The harsh conditions of this habitat require that microorganisms adapt to survive, these adaptations can be physiological or biochemical and can lead to the development of alternative or new metabolic pathways, which increases the potential for the production of novel chemical structures for these isolates. In agriculture, the interest in the use of bioactive metabolites is an alternative to synthetic chemicals traditionally used to control pests, diseases and to promote plant growth, since the continuous use of some products can lead to pressure selection among phytopathogens and other environmental impacts. In the industry, the search for alternative compounds is a point of interest of several studies to reduce toxicity of residues. Understanding this context, the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds produced by fungi from Antarctica is the focus of this research, with the aim of exploring the potential of these compounds in the development of viable formulations for agriculture and, at the same time, to contribute to the expansion of the knowledge of the diversity of metabolites produced by these isolates. Four isolates from marine sediments, CRM1545A, CRM1540, CRM 1527 and CRM1545B were cultivated in three different media. Growth and bioprospecting of strain Penicillium sp. CRM1540 resulted in the isolation of two bioactive compounds against phytopathogens, penicillic acid (PA) and cyclopaldic acid (CA). Penicillic acid inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri in 90% at 25 μg/mL in vitro and decreased the symptoms emergence of citrus canker on leaves of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck by 75.31% in greenhouse conditions. Assays with cyclopaldic acid revealed the potential of this compound as an antifungal agent against Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani. Another compound of interest for biomass energy industry, 5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carboxilic acid, was isolated and identified from the crude extract of CRM 1545A. The compounds were isolated through chromatography and spectroscopy methods are potential alternatives for the formulation of keycompounds for agriculture and industry use and prove the potential of microorganisms from extreme marine environments as a reservoir of useful compounds still untapped.
Natural products are an important source of bioactive compounds with complex and diversified chemical structures. Aiming to discover bioactive compounds, researches have been exploring the bioprospection of molecules produced by microorganisms from extreme environments such as the terrestrial and marine regions of Antarctica. The harsh conditions of this habitat require that microorganisms adapt to survive, these adaptations can be physiological or biochemical and can lead to the development of alternative or new metabolic pathways, which increases the potential for the production of novel chemical structures for these isolates. In agriculture, the interest in the use of bioactive metabolites is an alternative to synthetic chemicals traditionally used to control pests, diseases and to promote plant growth, since the continuous use of some products can lead to pressure selection among phytopathogens and other environmental impacts. In the industry, the search for alternative compounds is a point of interest of several studies to reduce toxicity of residues. Understanding this context, the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds produced by fungi from Antarctica is the focus of this research, with the aim of exploring the potential of these compounds in the development of viable formulations for agriculture and, at the same time, to contribute to the expansion of the knowledge of the diversity of metabolites produced by these isolates. Four isolates from marine sediments, CRM1545A, CRM1540, CRM 1527 and CRM1545B were cultivated in three different media. Growth and bioprospecting of strain Penicillium sp. CRM1540 resulted in the isolation of two bioactive compounds against phytopathogens, penicillic acid (PA) and cyclopaldic acid (CA). Penicillic acid inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri in 90% at 25 μg/mL in vitro and decreased the symptoms emergence of citrus canker on leaves of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck by 75.31% in greenhouse conditions. Assays with cyclopaldic acid revealed the potential of this compound as an antifungal agent against Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani. Another compound of interest for biomass energy industry, 5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carboxilic acid, was isolated and identified from the crude extract of CRM 1545A. The compounds were isolated through chromatography and spectroscopy methods are potential alternatives for the formulation of keycompounds for agriculture and industry use and prove the potential of microorganisms from extreme marine environments as a reservoir of useful compounds still untapped.
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Biotecnologia microbiana, Microbiologia agrícola, Química microbiológica, Produtos naturais na agricultura, Ambientes extremos microbiologia, Microbial biotechnology, Agricultural microbiology, Microbial chemistry, Natural products in agriculture, Extreme environments microbiology, Extremophiles, Penicillic acid, Cyclopaldic acid, Penicillium, Xanthomonas, Extremófilos, Ácido penicílico, Ácido ciclopáldico