Avaliação da resistência bacteriana a antibióticos nos principais rios de Itanhaém-SP
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2022-12-01
Autores
Souza, José Augusto de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As ocupações demográficas em áreas litorâneas que não contam com rede de coleta de esgotos domésticos, ou que possuem um baixo índice de coleta e tratamento, são preocupantes para o ambiente devido aos impactos exercidos sob a saúde da fauna e da população humana, principalmente em locais onde o turismo compõe a receita municipal, como o município de Itanhaém, que além de abrigar uma população crescente, pode quintuplicar seu número devido à quantidade de turistas durante os meses de temporada, e esse aumento tem como consequência, o aumento da descarga de efluentes domésticos na rede coletora e também o despejo de irregular desses efluentes. Essas descargas podem influenciar diretamente na qualidade da água dos rios, prejudicando a balneabilidade e trazendo riscos a população e a fauna. Além disso, um agravante para a contaminação é a resistência do patógeno a antimicrobianos que dificulta o tratamento das infecções podendo levar seu hospedeiro a óbito. Neste trabalho foi utilizado a densidade de bactérias bioindicadoras presentes nos corpos hídricos, como a Escherichia coli, para estimar a contaminação dos principais rios do município de Itanhaém utilizando padrões quali e quantitativos estabelecidos pela legislação e verificar a existência de cepas resistentes aos antimicrobianos. Para isso foram utilizados nove antibióticos, todos indicados para o tratamento de infecções por E. coli, sendo eles Fosfomicina, Amoxicilina, Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico, Amicacina, Imipenem, Cefuroxima, Ciprofloxacina, Sulfazotrim e Tetraciclina. Destes, apenas a Fosfomicina e o Imipenem tiveram eficácia em 100% das amostras e em contrapartida, o Sulfazotrim e a Tetraciclina tiveram as maiores resistências com 76% e 73% respectivamente. Os dados obtidos indicaram que existe grande influência da sazonalidade nas densidades bacterianas nos rios estudados e que, o aumento do despejo de efluentes em corpos hídricos afeta os níveis de resistência das bactérias presentes neste ambiente aos antibióticos testados. Nenhum dos pontos analisados pôde ser considerado próprio para contato direto de acordo com os critérios de balneabilidade estabelecidos pela CONAMA.
Demographic occupations in coastal areas that do not have a domestic sewage collection network or that have a low rate of collection and treatment are worrisome for the environment due to the impacts on the health of fauna and the human population, especially in places where tourism makes up the municipal revenue, such as the municipality of Itanhaém, which in addition to having a growing population, can quintuple its number due to the number of tourists during the season months, and this increase has the consequence of increasing the discharge of effluents domestic waste in the collection network and also the irregular discharge of these effluents. These discharges can directly influence the water quality of rivers, impairing bathing and bringing risks to the population and fauna. In addition, an aggravating factor for contamination is the pathogen's resistance to antimicrobials, which makes it difficult to treat infections and can lead to the death of the host. In this work, the density of bioindicator bacteria present in water bodies, such as Escherichia coli, was used to estimate the contamination of the main rivers in the municipality of Itanhaém using qualitative and quantitative standards established by legislation and to verify the existence of strains resistant to antimicrobials. For this, nine antibiotics were used, all indicated for the treatment of E. coli infections, namely Phosphomycin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid, Amikacin, Imipenem, Cefuroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Sulfazotrim and Tetracycline. Of these, only Fosfomycin and Imipenem were effective in 100% of the samples and, on the other hand, Sulfazotrim and Tetracycline had the highest resistances with 76% and 73% respectively. The data obtained indicated that there is a great influence of seasonality on the bacterial densities in the rivers studied and that the increase in the discharge of effluents into water bodies affects the levels of resistance of the bacteria present in this environment to the tested antibiotics. None of the points analyzed could be considered suitable for direct contact according to the bathing criteria established by CONAMA.
Demographic occupations in coastal areas that do not have a domestic sewage collection network or that have a low rate of collection and treatment are worrisome for the environment due to the impacts on the health of fauna and the human population, especially in places where tourism makes up the municipal revenue, such as the municipality of Itanhaém, which in addition to having a growing population, can quintuple its number due to the number of tourists during the season months, and this increase has the consequence of increasing the discharge of effluents domestic waste in the collection network and also the irregular discharge of these effluents. These discharges can directly influence the water quality of rivers, impairing bathing and bringing risks to the population and fauna. In addition, an aggravating factor for contamination is the pathogen's resistance to antimicrobials, which makes it difficult to treat infections and can lead to the death of the host. In this work, the density of bioindicator bacteria present in water bodies, such as Escherichia coli, was used to estimate the contamination of the main rivers in the municipality of Itanhaém using qualitative and quantitative standards established by legislation and to verify the existence of strains resistant to antimicrobials. For this, nine antibiotics were used, all indicated for the treatment of E. coli infections, namely Phosphomycin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid, Amikacin, Imipenem, Cefuroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Sulfazotrim and Tetracycline. Of these, only Fosfomycin and Imipenem were effective in 100% of the samples and, on the other hand, Sulfazotrim and Tetracycline had the highest resistances with 76% and 73% respectively. The data obtained indicated that there is a great influence of seasonality on the bacterial densities in the rivers studied and that the increase in the discharge of effluents into water bodies affects the levels of resistance of the bacteria present in this environment to the tested antibiotics. None of the points analyzed could be considered suitable for direct contact according to the bathing criteria established by CONAMA.
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Rio Itanhaém, Escherichia coli, Contaminação, Antibióticos, Itanhaém River, Contamination, Drug resistance, Resistência, Antibiotics