Cárie dentária aos 12 anos: determinantes sociais e a importância da fluoretação para a equidade em saúde
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Data
2021-03-04
Autores
Santos, Luis Felipe Pupim dos [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público é uma medida de saúde pública para prevenção de cárie cientificamente consagrada, mas conforme outros métodos de uso tópico do flúor se disseminaram, surgiram hipóteses questionando a necessidade de sua continuidade. O objetivo neste estudo foi analisar a prevalência de cárie em escolares de 12 anos da cidade de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil, no ano de 2019, comparando-se grupos de jovens de “escolas centrais” e “escolas periféricas”, bem como entre os nascidos e não nascidos no município, que fluoreta regularmente suas águas. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico, transversal, e de caso-controle, realizado em jovens de 12 anos do município de Araçatuba, que desde 1972 fluoreta ininterruptamente suas águas. Os critérios de inclusão foram: pelo menos 20 dentes na cavidade bucal; idade de 12 anos; estarem regularmente matriculados em escolas públicas do município; ausência de condições físicas que impossibilitassem o exame. Foram excluídos os indivíduos com síndromes e má formações congênitas, deficiências psicológicas, traumas faciais, e cujos responsáveis não assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi realizado por equipes compostas por examinadores, anotadores e monitores previamente treinados e calibrados, utilizando-se o índice CPOD para avaliação da cárie dentária. O processo de calibração foi realizado seguindo as etapas: apropriação dos fundamentos teóricos; compreensão dos critérios e códigos; aplicação dos critérios em situações reais; e cálculo dos erros intra e interexaminadores, coeficiente Kappa, cujo grau de concordância interexaminadores foi de 0,92. Os exames foram realizados nas próprias escolas, sob luz natural, em local bem iluminado e ventilado. A primeira etapa desta pesquisa consistiu em um estudo observacional, transversal, analítico, realizado com 454 adolescentes. Do total, 237 (52,20%) estudantes eram livres de experiência de cárie. O CPOD médio foi de 1,08±1,47, sendo encontrados os valores mínimos de 0 e máximo de 9. A média do índice CPOD foi significativamente maior (p-valor= 0,0424) nos estudantes do grupo “Escolas periféricas” (1,25±1,59) em comparação ao grupo “Escolas centrais” (0,96±1,38). Na segunda etapa desta pesquisa realizou-se um estudo de caso-controle com 164 adolescentes, divididos em 2 grupos: grupo controle com CPOD=0 (n=82); e grupo caso, com CPOD maior que 0 (n=82). O fato de não ter nascido e vivido sempre no município de Araçatuba foi considerado o fator de exposição para ocorrência da doença. A comparação entre os grupos caso e controle mostrou associação significante (p-valor= 0,0010) entre o fator de exposição e o CPOD maior que 0, com odds ratio de 3,0134 (IC 95%: 1,5944 - 5,6953). As médias do índice CPOD (não-expostos: 0,44±0,67; expostos: 1,31±1,32), do componente dentes cariados (não-expostos: 0,12±0,34; expostos: 0,49±0,89) e do componente dentes obturados (não-expostos: 0,40±0,73; expostos: 0,83±1,05) foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) nos indivíduos nascidos em outros municípios em comparação aos nascidos em Araçatuba. O CPOD médio dos jovens de 12 anos foi considerado muito baixo. Os jovens que frequentavam escolas periféricas apresentaram maior CPOD médio em relação aos das escolas centrais; houve associação entre nascer na localidade que fluoreta regularmente suas águas e menor experiência de cárie.
The fluoridation of public water supply is a public health measure for the prevention of scientifically established caries, but as other methods of topical use of fluoride have spread, hypotheses have arisen questioning the need for its continuity. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2019, comparing groups of young people from “central schools” and “peripheral schools”, as well as between those born and unborn in the municipality, who regularly fluoride their waters. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional, and case-control study, carried out on 12-year-olds from the municipality of Araçatuba, who since 1972 have fluorinated their waters continuously. Inclusion criteria were: at least 20 teeth in the oral cavity; age of 12 years; being regularly enrolled in public schools in the municipality; absence of physical conditions that would make the exam impossible. Individuals with congenital syndromes and malformations, psychological disabilities, facial traumas, and whose parents did not sign the informed consent form were excluded. The study was carried out by teams composed of examiners, note takers and monitors previously trained and calibrated, using the DMFT index to assess dental caries. The calibration process was carried out in the following steps: appropriation of theoretical foundations; understanding of criteria and codes; application of the criteria in real situations; and calculation of intra- and inter-examiner errors, Kappa coefficient, whose degree of inter-examiner agreement was 0.92. The examinations were carried out in the schools themselves, under natural light, in a well-lit and ventilated place. The first stage of this research consisted of an observational, transversal, analytical study, carried out with 454 adolescents. Of the total, 237 (52.20%) students were free from caries experience. The average DMFT was 1.08 ± 1.47, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 9. The average DMFT index was significantly higher (p-value = 0.0424) in students in the “Peripheral schools” group. (1.25 ± 1.59) compared to the “Central Schools” group (0.96 ± 1.38). In the second stage of this research, a case-control study was carried out with 164 adolescents, divided into 2 groups: control group with DMFT = 0 (n = 82); and case group, with DMFT greater than 0 (n = 82). The fact that the student was not born and always lived in the city of Araçatuba was considered the exposure factor for the occurrence of the disease. The comparison between the case and control groups showed a significant association (p-value = 0.0010) between the exposure factor and the DMFT greater than 0, with an odds ratio of 3.0134 (95% CI: 1.5944 – 5.6953). The average of the DMFT index (control: 0.44 ± 0.67; case: 1.31 ± 1.32), of the decayed teeth component (control: 0.12 ± 0.34; case: 0.49 ± 0,89) and the filling teeth component (control: 0.40 ± 0.73; case: 0.83 ± 1.05) was significantly lower (p <0.05) in the control group compared to the case group. The average DMFT for 12-year-olds was considered to be very low. Young people who attended peripheral schools had a higher average DMFT than those in central schools; there was an association between being born in the locality that regularly fluorides its waters and less experience of caries.
The fluoridation of public water supply is a public health measure for the prevention of scientifically established caries, but as other methods of topical use of fluoride have spread, hypotheses have arisen questioning the need for its continuity. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2019, comparing groups of young people from “central schools” and “peripheral schools”, as well as between those born and unborn in the municipality, who regularly fluoride their waters. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional, and case-control study, carried out on 12-year-olds from the municipality of Araçatuba, who since 1972 have fluorinated their waters continuously. Inclusion criteria were: at least 20 teeth in the oral cavity; age of 12 years; being regularly enrolled in public schools in the municipality; absence of physical conditions that would make the exam impossible. Individuals with congenital syndromes and malformations, psychological disabilities, facial traumas, and whose parents did not sign the informed consent form were excluded. The study was carried out by teams composed of examiners, note takers and monitors previously trained and calibrated, using the DMFT index to assess dental caries. The calibration process was carried out in the following steps: appropriation of theoretical foundations; understanding of criteria and codes; application of the criteria in real situations; and calculation of intra- and inter-examiner errors, Kappa coefficient, whose degree of inter-examiner agreement was 0.92. The examinations were carried out in the schools themselves, under natural light, in a well-lit and ventilated place. The first stage of this research consisted of an observational, transversal, analytical study, carried out with 454 adolescents. Of the total, 237 (52.20%) students were free from caries experience. The average DMFT was 1.08 ± 1.47, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 9. The average DMFT index was significantly higher (p-value = 0.0424) in students in the “Peripheral schools” group. (1.25 ± 1.59) compared to the “Central Schools” group (0.96 ± 1.38). In the second stage of this research, a case-control study was carried out with 164 adolescents, divided into 2 groups: control group with DMFT = 0 (n = 82); and case group, with DMFT greater than 0 (n = 82). The fact that the student was not born and always lived in the city of Araçatuba was considered the exposure factor for the occurrence of the disease. The comparison between the case and control groups showed a significant association (p-value = 0.0010) between the exposure factor and the DMFT greater than 0, with an odds ratio of 3.0134 (95% CI: 1.5944 – 5.6953). The average of the DMFT index (control: 0.44 ± 0.67; case: 1.31 ± 1.32), of the decayed teeth component (control: 0.12 ± 0.34; case: 0.49 ± 0,89) and the filling teeth component (control: 0.40 ± 0.73; case: 0.83 ± 1.05) was significantly lower (p <0.05) in the control group compared to the case group. The average DMFT for 12-year-olds was considered to be very low. Young people who attended peripheral schools had a higher average DMFT than those in central schools; there was an association between being born in the locality that regularly fluorides its waters and less experience of caries.
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Palavras-chave
Epidemiologia, Saúde bucal, Cárie dentária, Fluoretação, Epidemiology, Oral health