Filogeografia de algumas espécies de Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta) no Brasil
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Data
2016-11-03
Autores
Paiano, Monica Orlandi [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A filogeografia de sete espécies de Batrachospermales (Batrachospermum viride-brasiliense, Kumanoa ambigua, Setacea puiggariana, Sirodotia delicatula e Sirodotia spp.) foi investigada em populações brasileiras com base em dois marcadores mitocondriais: a região espaçadora cox2-3 e a região de “barcode” cox1. As espécies apresentaram níveis de divergência genética semelhantes para ambos os marcadores utilizados. B. viride-brasiliense apresentou dez haplótipos de cox2-3 e nove haplótipos, de cox1, com variação entre os haplótipos de 0,3 - 2,4% e 0,6 – 1,8%, respectivamente. K. ambigua apresentou três haplótipos para cada um dos marcadores analisados, com variação de 0,6 - 2,4% para cox2-3 e 1,3 - 2,0% para cox1. S. puiggariana apresentou seis haplótipos de cox-2-3 e oito haplótipos de cox1, com variação entre os haplótipos de 0,3 - 2,4% e 0,2 - 2,4%, respectivamente. Sirodotia apresentou uma alta variação entre os haplótipos para ambos marcadores, mostrando uma espécie (S. delicatula), com baixa variação para cox2-3 e cox1 (0,3 - 2,2% e 0,2 - 0,4%; respectivamente) e um complexo (Sirodotia spp. formado por três espécies crípticas), com divergência de 0,3 - 7,0% para cox2-3 e 0,2 - 6,2% para cox1. Para a região espaçadora cox2-3, as sequências de K. ambigua apresentaram 335 pb, enquanto para as outras espécies, todas as sequências tiveram comprimento de 376 pb. Os haplótipos de cox2-3 diferiram em 13 posições para B. viride-brasiliense, nove para K. ambigua, 12 para S. puiggariana e oito para S. delicatula e 33 posições para Sirodotia spp. Para a região de “barcode” cox1, todas as espécies apresentaram sequencias de 664 pb de comprimento, com um número mais elevado de posições variáveis para os haplótipos: 28 para B. viride-brasiliense, 16 para K. ambigua, 25 para S. puiggariana, apenas quatro para S. delicatula e 48 para Sirodotia spp.. Os resultados obtidos, a partir das análises dos dois marcadores utilizados e da distribuição geográfica das populações no Brasil, mostrou que cada uma das espécies tem características filogeográficas distintas, padrão que parece ser característico de espécies de Batrachospermales em âmbito mundial. Para todas as espécies a variação intra-populacional foi baixa, com cada localidade apresentando de um a dois haplótipos, para ambos os marcadores. No entanto, no conjunto de populações de cada espécie o número de haplótipos foi mais elevado, geralmente mais de cinco haplótipos para cada marcador, com exceção de K. ambigua, que apresentou apenas três haplótipos. Para B. viride-brasiliense, a divergência genética foi mais elevada quanto maior a distância geográfica entre os haplótipos de cox2-3 e cox1, e o mesmo caso pede ser observado para os haplótipos de cox1 para K. ambigua. No entanto, o restante das espécies não apresentou correlação entre distância genética e geográfica, com o mesmo haplótipo sendo encontrado em localidades distantes e vice-versa. A distribuição de K. ambigua teve amostragem restrita a áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa, enquanto as demais espécies foram encontradas em áreas de Cerrado, Floresta Ombrófila Densa (Atlântica e Amazônica) e Floresta Ombrófila Mista, embora não tenha sido observada variação genética correspondente aos diferentes domínios morfoclimáticos. O estudo é o primeiro a caracterizar espécies de Batrachospermales no Brasil com este enfoque.
The phylogeography of seven species of Batrachospermales (Batrachospermum viride-brasiliense, Kumanoa ambigua, Setacea puiggariana, Sirodotia delicatula e Sirodotia spp.) was investigated in Brazilian populations based on two mitochondrial markers: the spacer region cox2-3 and the cox1 barcode region. The species showed similar levels of genetic divergence for both markers used. B. viride-brasiliense had ten haplotypes of cox2-3 and nine haplotypes of cox1, with haplotypes ranging from 0.3 to 2.4% and 0.6 to 1.8%, respectively. Three haplotypes for each marker were observed for K. ambigua, ranging from 0.6 to 2.4% and 1.3 to 2.0% for cox2-3 and cox1, respectively. Setacea puiggariana had six haplotypes for cox2-3 and eight haplotypes for cox1, with haplotypes ranging from 0.3 to 2.4% for cox2-3 and 0.2 to 2.4, respectively. A high variation between haplotypes of Sirodotia were found for both markers, showing one group (S. delicatula), with low variation for cox2-3 and cox1 (from 0.3 to 2.2 and 0.2 to 0.4%, respectively), and Sirodotia spp, species complex with divergence from 0.2 to 7.0% for cox2-3 and 0.2 to 6.2 % for cox1, including three cryptic species. For the cox2-3 spacer region, K. ambigua sequences showed 335 bp, whereas for other species, all sequences have of 376 bp in length. The cox2-3 haplotypes differed in 13 positions for B. viride-brasiliense, nine for K. ambigua, 12 for S. puiggariana, eight for S. delicatula and 33 positions for Sirodotia spp. Sequences of the cox1 barcode region, for all species were 664 bp in length, with a higher number of variable positions among the haplotypes: 28 for B. viride-brasiliense, 16 for K. ambigua, 25 for S. puiggariana, only four for S. delicatula, and 48 for Sirodotia spp.. Analyses of the two markers used and the geographical distribution of populations showed that each species had different phylogeographic patterns, a fact that seems to be characteristic of the Batrachospermalean species. For all species, intra-populational variation was low, with each location having one to two haplotypes for both markers. However, the number of haplotypes was higher considering all populations for each species, generally more than five haplotypes by species for each marker, except for K. ambigua, that presented only three haplotypes. Genetic divergence was higher with increased geographic distance for B. viride-brasiliense, haplotypes of cox2-3 and cox1, and the same pattern was observed for cox1 haplotypes of K. ambigua. However, the remaining species showed no correlation between genetic divergence and geographic distance, with the same haplotype being found in distinct locations and vice-versa. Distribution of K. ambigua was restricted to areas of Atlantic rainforest, while the other species were found in areas of cerrado (Brazilian savannah), tropical rainforest (Atlantic and Amazonian) and sub-tropical rain forest, although no evident pattern was observed in terms of genetic variation in different morpho-climatic domains. This is the first study to characterize species of Batrachospermales in Brazil with this approach.
The phylogeography of seven species of Batrachospermales (Batrachospermum viride-brasiliense, Kumanoa ambigua, Setacea puiggariana, Sirodotia delicatula e Sirodotia spp.) was investigated in Brazilian populations based on two mitochondrial markers: the spacer region cox2-3 and the cox1 barcode region. The species showed similar levels of genetic divergence for both markers used. B. viride-brasiliense had ten haplotypes of cox2-3 and nine haplotypes of cox1, with haplotypes ranging from 0.3 to 2.4% and 0.6 to 1.8%, respectively. Three haplotypes for each marker were observed for K. ambigua, ranging from 0.6 to 2.4% and 1.3 to 2.0% for cox2-3 and cox1, respectively. Setacea puiggariana had six haplotypes for cox2-3 and eight haplotypes for cox1, with haplotypes ranging from 0.3 to 2.4% for cox2-3 and 0.2 to 2.4, respectively. A high variation between haplotypes of Sirodotia were found for both markers, showing one group (S. delicatula), with low variation for cox2-3 and cox1 (from 0.3 to 2.2 and 0.2 to 0.4%, respectively), and Sirodotia spp, species complex with divergence from 0.2 to 7.0% for cox2-3 and 0.2 to 6.2 % for cox1, including three cryptic species. For the cox2-3 spacer region, K. ambigua sequences showed 335 bp, whereas for other species, all sequences have of 376 bp in length. The cox2-3 haplotypes differed in 13 positions for B. viride-brasiliense, nine for K. ambigua, 12 for S. puiggariana, eight for S. delicatula and 33 positions for Sirodotia spp. Sequences of the cox1 barcode region, for all species were 664 bp in length, with a higher number of variable positions among the haplotypes: 28 for B. viride-brasiliense, 16 for K. ambigua, 25 for S. puiggariana, only four for S. delicatula, and 48 for Sirodotia spp.. Analyses of the two markers used and the geographical distribution of populations showed that each species had different phylogeographic patterns, a fact that seems to be characteristic of the Batrachospermalean species. For all species, intra-populational variation was low, with each location having one to two haplotypes for both markers. However, the number of haplotypes was higher considering all populations for each species, generally more than five haplotypes by species for each marker, except for K. ambigua, that presented only three haplotypes. Genetic divergence was higher with increased geographic distance for B. viride-brasiliense, haplotypes of cox2-3 and cox1, and the same pattern was observed for cox1 haplotypes of K. ambigua. However, the remaining species showed no correlation between genetic divergence and geographic distance, with the same haplotype being found in distinct locations and vice-versa. Distribution of K. ambigua was restricted to areas of Atlantic rainforest, while the other species were found in areas of cerrado (Brazilian savannah), tropical rainforest (Atlantic and Amazonian) and sub-tropical rain forest, although no evident pattern was observed in terms of genetic variation in different morpho-climatic domains. This is the first study to characterize species of Batrachospermales in Brazil with this approach.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Batrachospermum viride-brasiliense, cox1, cox2-3, Distribuição geográfica, Espécies crípticas, Kumanoa ambígua, Setacea puiggariana, Sirodotia delicatula, Variação intraespecífica