Tell all the truth but tell it slant: subtexto e subversão na poesia de Emily Dickinson
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Data
2016-10-31
Autores
Wiechmann, Natalia Helena [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo desta tese de doutorado consiste em analisar a poesia de Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) sob a perspectiva da crítica literária feminista estadunidense utilizando o conceito de subtexto literário enquanto recurso poético que revele na obra dickinsoniana diversas formas de subversão de normas sociais e literárias do patriarcado. Para isso, nosso corpus de análise se compõe de dezoito poemas e nosso trabalho está estruturado em quatro seções. A primeira discute algumas questões caras à crítica literária feminista estadunidense, como o conceito de autoria feminina e a tradição literária para, então, teorizar sobre o conceito de subtexto literário relacionando-o à ideia de subversão. Também nessa primeira seção analisamos do poema “Tell all the Truth but tell it slant – ”. Já na segunda parte de nossa tese apresentamos o contexto da produção literária estadunidense no século XIX e discutimos o fato de Emily Dickinson ter se recusado veementemente a publicar seus poemas. Os poemas analisados nessa seção são “Publication – is the Auction”, “Fame of Myself, to justify”, “Fame is the tint that Scholars leave”, “Fame is the one that does not stay” e “Fame is a fickle food”. Na sequência, examinamos o ideal de feminilidade do século XIX e as formas como Dickinson subverte esse ideal nos poemas “To own a Susan of my own”, “Her breast is fit for pearls”, “I gave myself to Him – ”, “She rose to His Requirement – dropt”, “Title divine – is mine!” e “I started Early – Took my Dog – ”. Por fim, analisamos poemas em que Dickinson empreende a subversão da imagem de Deus ao apontar as vulnerabilidades da fé e da condição humana e questionar preceitos religiosos: “I never lost as much but twice”, “It’s easy to invent a Life – ”, “A Shade upon the mind there passes”, “God is indeed a jealous God – ” e “God gave a Loaf to every Bird – ”. Como suporte teórico, recorremos a diversos autores que compõem a fortuna crítica de Emily Dickinson bem como a importantes nomes da crítica literária feminista estadunidense, além de outros autores cujos estudos também dialogam com nossa pesquisa. Alguns dos autores utilizados neste trabalho são Virginia Woolf, Sandra Gilbert e Susan Gubar, Elaine Showalter, Betsy Erkkila, Helen Vendler, Maria Rita Kehl, Susan Howe e Carlos Daghlian.
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the poetry of Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) from the perspective of American feminist literary criticism drawing on the concept of literary subtext as a poetic resource that reveals in Dickinson’s work several ways of subverting the social and literary norms of patriarchy. To these ends, I analyze a corpus of eighteen poems, and the text is organized into four sections. The first section discusses some issues that are important to American feminist literary criticism, such as the concept of female authorship and literary tradition; it is then theorized about the concept of literary subtext and I relate it to the idea of subversion. Also, in this first section, I analyze the poem “Tell all the Truth but tell it slant – .” In the second part of this work, the context of American literary production in the nineteenth-century is presented and the fact that Emily Dickinson emphatically refused to have her poems published is considered. The poems analyzed in this section are “Publication – is the Auction”. “Fame of Myself, to justify”, “Fame is the tint that Scholars leave”, “Fame is the one that does not stay” and “Fame is a fickle food”. After the discussion of the poems, in the third section I examine the ideal of womanhood in the nineteenth century and the ways Dickinson subverts this ideal in the poems “To own a Susan of my own”, “Her breast is fit for pearls”, “I gave myself to Him – ”, “She rose to His Requirement – dropt”, “Title divine – is mine!” and “I started Early – Took my Dog – ”. Finally, in the closing section I study some poems in which Dickinson undertakes the subversion of God’s image, points out the vulnerabilities of faith and human condition, and questions religious precepts: “I never lost as much but twice”, “It’s easy to invent a Life – ”, “A Shade upon the mind there passes”, “God is indeed a jealous God – ” and “God gave a Loaf to every Bird – ”. To provide theoretical underpinning, several critics who have written on Dickinson’s work were consulted and significant names in American literary feminist criticism are also discussed, as well as other authors whose studies intersect with our research as well. Included among the writers, critics and researchers mentioned in our work are Virginia Woolf, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Elaine Showalter, Betsy Erkkila, Helen Vendler, Maria Rita Kehl, Susan Howe, and Carlos Daghlian.
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the poetry of Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) from the perspective of American feminist literary criticism drawing on the concept of literary subtext as a poetic resource that reveals in Dickinson’s work several ways of subverting the social and literary norms of patriarchy. To these ends, I analyze a corpus of eighteen poems, and the text is organized into four sections. The first section discusses some issues that are important to American feminist literary criticism, such as the concept of female authorship and literary tradition; it is then theorized about the concept of literary subtext and I relate it to the idea of subversion. Also, in this first section, I analyze the poem “Tell all the Truth but tell it slant – .” In the second part of this work, the context of American literary production in the nineteenth-century is presented and the fact that Emily Dickinson emphatically refused to have her poems published is considered. The poems analyzed in this section are “Publication – is the Auction”. “Fame of Myself, to justify”, “Fame is the tint that Scholars leave”, “Fame is the one that does not stay” and “Fame is a fickle food”. After the discussion of the poems, in the third section I examine the ideal of womanhood in the nineteenth century and the ways Dickinson subverts this ideal in the poems “To own a Susan of my own”, “Her breast is fit for pearls”, “I gave myself to Him – ”, “She rose to His Requirement – dropt”, “Title divine – is mine!” and “I started Early – Took my Dog – ”. Finally, in the closing section I study some poems in which Dickinson undertakes the subversion of God’s image, points out the vulnerabilities of faith and human condition, and questions religious precepts: “I never lost as much but twice”, “It’s easy to invent a Life – ”, “A Shade upon the mind there passes”, “God is indeed a jealous God – ” and “God gave a Loaf to every Bird – ”. To provide theoretical underpinning, several critics who have written on Dickinson’s work were consulted and significant names in American literary feminist criticism are also discussed, as well as other authors whose studies intersect with our research as well. Included among the writers, critics and researchers mentioned in our work are Virginia Woolf, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Elaine Showalter, Betsy Erkkila, Helen Vendler, Maria Rita Kehl, Susan Howe, and Carlos Daghlian.
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Palavras-chave
Emily Dickinson, Subtexto, Subversão, Crítica literária feminista, Poesia norte-americana, Subtext, Subversion, Feminist literary criticism, North American poetry