Alterações eletrocardiográficas como preditores de gravidade no acidente vascular cerebral
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2016-03-01
Autores
Braga, Gabriel Pereira [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Introdução: As doenças cerebrovasculares são causas maiores de morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, sendo associadas a enormes custos biopsicossociais. As alterações eletrocardiográficas e cardíacas na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral são relacionadas com elevada mortalidade após estes eventos e grande debate existe sobre a gênese destas alterações nesta fase ictal. O eletrocardiograma é método diagnóstico não invasivo capaz de fornecer informações sobre fisiologia e processos patológicos do coração, incluindo eventual influência negativa exercida pelo sistema nervoso autônomo. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetiva avaliar se alterações eletrocardiográficas e enzimáticas na fase aguda do AVC são preditoras de desfecho desfavorável definido por pontuação na escala modificada de Rankin entre 3-6 em 90 dias do evento cerebrovascular. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, com pacientes atendidos no PS de Neurologia do HC-FMB, no período de março de 2012 a março de 2013, com até 24 horas de evolução de AVC, e excluídos aqueles com eventos cardíacos recentes. Foram coletados dados demográficos, história clínica, traçados de eletrocardiograma e dosagens de biomarcadores de necrose miocárdica obtidos na admissão. Associação entre tipo AVC e variáveis categóricas e numéricas foi analisada pelos testes de Fisher e Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn para comparações múltiplas, respectivamente. Associação entre alguma complicação geral ou cardíaca com chance de mau prognóstico neurológico e óbito foi analisada por regressão logística simples. Regressão logística corrigida para sexo, idade, controle da pressão arterial e complicações cardíacas foi utilizada na determinação da associação entre alterações eletrocardiográficas e mau prognóstico neurológico. Resultados: Foram analisados 112 pacientes, com idade de 69 (26 - 93) anos e maioria do sexo masculino. Pacientes com AVC hemorrágico apresentaram quadro clínico mais grave na entrada com NIHSS 20 (0 – 42). Não houve diferença em relação aos fatores de risco. Dos eletrocardiogramas avaliados, 71(63,3%) possuíam alguma anormalidade. As principais alterações foram fibrilação atrial, alterações de repolarização e achados sugestivos de isquemia miocárdica. Não houve diferença dos subtipos de AVC em relação aos níveis de marcadores de necrose miocárdica. Foi observado que 61(54,4%) apresentavam níveis de CKMB e 15(13,3%) níveis de troponina I acima do valor de referência. Análise multivariada evidenciou relação da fibrilação atrial (5,29 OR p=0,006 IC95% 1,6-17,5), frequência cardíaca (1,032 OR p=0,008 IC95% 1,008 – 1,056) e presença de alguma anormalidade no segmento ST (4,736 OR p=0,008 IC95% 1,496-14,988) com complicações cardíacas durante a internação. Aumentos no intervalo PR (1,037 OR p=0,002 IC95% 1,013-1,060), presença de anormalidades do segmento ST (3,457 OR p=0,038 IC95% 1,074 – 11,127) e anormalidade de onda T (7,244 OR p=0,001 IC95% 2,290 – 22,913) se relacionaram com maior grau de incapacidade em 90 dias. Elevações da troponina I (2,954 OR, p=0,039, IC95% 1,056 – 8,260), anormalidade do segmento ST (4,257 OR, p=0,028, IC95% 1,170 – 15,498), anormalidade de onda T (5,599 OR, p=0,014, IC95% 1,410 – 22,230), somatório de onda Q (1,3 OR, p=0,038, IC95% 1,014-1,667) se relacionaram com maior chance de óbito. A alteração do segmento ST que mais se relacionou com este desfecho foram as alterações do nivelamento de ST (OR 14,625 IC95% 2,120-100,909 p 0,006). Conclusões: Alterações eletrocardiográficas na fase aguda de doenças cerebrovasculares são frequentes e relacionadas a maior chance de mortalidade e maior grau de incapacidade em 90 dias.
Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, being associated with huge biopsychosocial costs. Electrocardiographic and cardiac abnormalities in the acute phase of stroke are associated with high morbidity and mortality after these events and great debate exists about the genesis of these changes on ictal phase. The electrocardiogram is a noninvasive diagnostic method able to provide information about anatomy, physiology and pathological processes of the heart, including possible negative influence of the Autonomic Nervous System. Objective: This study aims to assess whether electrocardiographic and enzymatic alterations in the acute phase of stroke are predictors of unfavorable outcome defined by scores on the modified Rankin scale of 3- 6 within 90 days of the cerebrovascular event. Methods: A prospective study was conducted with patients treated at the HC-FMB Neurology ED, from March 2012 to March 2013, up to 24 hours of onset of stroke, and excluded those with recent cardiac events. Demographic data, medical history, electrocardiogram tracings and measurements of myocardial necrosis biomarkers obtained on admission were recorded. Association between stroke type and categorical and numerical variables was analyzed by Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, respectively. Association between any general or cardiac complication and poor neurological outcome and mortality was analyzed by simple logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, blood pressure control and cardiac complications was used to determine the association between electrocardiographic abnormalities and poor neurological outcome. Results: 112 patients were analyzed, with a median age of 69 years-old (26 - 93) and mostly male. Hemorrhagic stroke patients had the most severe clinical picture at the entrance with NIHSS of 20 (0 - 42). There was no difference regarding to cardiovascular risk factors. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were found in 71(63.3%) patients. The main changes were rhythm disturbances (atrial fibrillation), repolarization changes and findings suggestive of myocardial ischemia. There was no difference in stroke subtype compared to the levels of myocardial necrosis markers. 61(54.4%) had CK-MB and 15(13.3%) troponin levels above the reference value. Multivariate analysis showed that atrial fibrillation (OR 5.29 p = 0.006 95% CI 1.6 to 17.5), heart rate (OR 1.032 p = 0.008 95% CI 1.008 to 1.056) and the presence of an abnormality in the ST segment (4,736 OR p = 0.008 95% CI 1.496 to 14.988) correlated with cardiac complications during hospitalization. Increases in PR interval (p = 0.002 95% CI 1.013 to 1.060 1,037OR), presence of ST-segment abnormalities (p = 0.038 OR 3.457 95% CI 1.074 to 11.127) and T wave abnormalities (p = 0.001 OR 7.244 95% CI 2.290 - 22.913) were related to a higher degree of disability in 90 days. Elevations of troponin (2,954 OR, p = 0.039, 95% CI 1.056 to 8.260), ST segment abnormality (4,257 OR, p = 0.028, 95% CI 1.170 to 15.498), wave abnormality t (5,599 OR, p = 0.014, 95 % 1.410 to 22.230), wave sum Q (OR 1.3, p = 0.038, 95% CI 1.014 to 1.667) were related to a higher likelihood of death. Abnormality of ST segment most associated with this outcome was the changes of ST leveling (OR 95% CI 2.120 to 100.909 14.625 p 0.006). Conclusions: We conclude that the electrocardiographic changes in acute cerebrovascular diseases are frequent and related to a higher chance of mortality and a greater degree of disability in 90 days.
Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, being associated with huge biopsychosocial costs. Electrocardiographic and cardiac abnormalities in the acute phase of stroke are associated with high morbidity and mortality after these events and great debate exists about the genesis of these changes on ictal phase. The electrocardiogram is a noninvasive diagnostic method able to provide information about anatomy, physiology and pathological processes of the heart, including possible negative influence of the Autonomic Nervous System. Objective: This study aims to assess whether electrocardiographic and enzymatic alterations in the acute phase of stroke are predictors of unfavorable outcome defined by scores on the modified Rankin scale of 3- 6 within 90 days of the cerebrovascular event. Methods: A prospective study was conducted with patients treated at the HC-FMB Neurology ED, from March 2012 to March 2013, up to 24 hours of onset of stroke, and excluded those with recent cardiac events. Demographic data, medical history, electrocardiogram tracings and measurements of myocardial necrosis biomarkers obtained on admission were recorded. Association between stroke type and categorical and numerical variables was analyzed by Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, respectively. Association between any general or cardiac complication and poor neurological outcome and mortality was analyzed by simple logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, blood pressure control and cardiac complications was used to determine the association between electrocardiographic abnormalities and poor neurological outcome. Results: 112 patients were analyzed, with a median age of 69 years-old (26 - 93) and mostly male. Hemorrhagic stroke patients had the most severe clinical picture at the entrance with NIHSS of 20 (0 - 42). There was no difference regarding to cardiovascular risk factors. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were found in 71(63.3%) patients. The main changes were rhythm disturbances (atrial fibrillation), repolarization changes and findings suggestive of myocardial ischemia. There was no difference in stroke subtype compared to the levels of myocardial necrosis markers. 61(54.4%) had CK-MB and 15(13.3%) troponin levels above the reference value. Multivariate analysis showed that atrial fibrillation (OR 5.29 p = 0.006 95% CI 1.6 to 17.5), heart rate (OR 1.032 p = 0.008 95% CI 1.008 to 1.056) and the presence of an abnormality in the ST segment (4,736 OR p = 0.008 95% CI 1.496 to 14.988) correlated with cardiac complications during hospitalization. Increases in PR interval (p = 0.002 95% CI 1.013 to 1.060 1,037OR), presence of ST-segment abnormalities (p = 0.038 OR 3.457 95% CI 1.074 to 11.127) and T wave abnormalities (p = 0.001 OR 7.244 95% CI 2.290 - 22.913) were related to a higher degree of disability in 90 days. Elevations of troponin (2,954 OR, p = 0.039, 95% CI 1.056 to 8.260), ST segment abnormality (4,257 OR, p = 0.028, 95% CI 1.170 to 15.498), wave abnormality t (5,599 OR, p = 0.014, 95 % 1.410 to 22.230), wave sum Q (OR 1.3, p = 0.038, 95% CI 1.014 to 1.667) were related to a higher likelihood of death. Abnormality of ST segment most associated with this outcome was the changes of ST leveling (OR 95% CI 2.120 to 100.909 14.625 p 0.006). Conclusions: We conclude that the electrocardiographic changes in acute cerebrovascular diseases are frequent and related to a higher chance of mortality and a greater degree of disability in 90 days.
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Palavras-chave
Acidente vascular cerebral, Eletrocardiografia, Troponina, Creatina quinase forma MB, Gravidade do paciente, Prognóstico, Stroke, Electrocardiography, Troponin, Creatine kinase, MB form, Patient acuity, Prognosis