Sensibilidade de indivíduos e progênies de bidens pilosa e conyza sumatrensis ao amônio glufosinate
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Data
2016-11-11
Autores
Brito, Ivana Paula Ferraz Santos de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A sensibilidade de plantas daninhas a herbicidas frequentemente se apresenta variável, em função de diversos fatores. O herbicida amônio glufosinate tem ação de contato e inibe a atividade da enzima glutamina sintetase, causando dentre outros efeitos, o acúmulo de amônia nos tecidos foliares, sendo esse um bom indicativo da intoxicação das plantas. Desse modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar a resposta de plantas de Bidens pilosa e Conyza sumatrensis a diferentes doses do herbicida amônio glufosinate, e a variação da sensibilidade em populações das plantas e de suas progênies ao herbicida. Foram realizados três estudos, todos em casa-de-vegetação e repetidos em diferentes momentos. No primeiro estudo, dois experimentos de dose-resposta foram conduzidos, e foram aplicadas sete diferentes doses do herbicida amônio glufosinate (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, e 1600 g ha-1), com quatro repetições, para cada espécie, sendo realizada análise de amônia e avaliações visuais de fitointoxicação. No segundo estudo, de variação de sensibilidade de B. pilosa e C. sumatrensis ao amônio glufosinate, 44 plantas de B. pilosa e 16 de C. sumatrensis foram aplicadas com a dose de 200 g ha-1 do herbicida, sendo nesse momento a região meristemática e folha mais nova de cada planta protegidas com saco plástico para que não recebessem o herbicida e possibilitasse a manutenção das plantas vivas. Dois dias após a aplicação (DAA) realizou-se a análise do teor de amônia, nas folhas expostas à aplicação, e as folhas protegidas foram mantidas nas plantas para que as mesmas se recuperassem do tratamento e produzissem sementes, utilizadas no estudo de sensibilidade de progênies. Ao atingirem o estádio reprodutivo os botões florais das plantas foram protegidos com sacos de papel para evitar a polinização cruzada e garantir a produção de sementes somente por autofecundação. No terceiro estudo, de variação da sensibilidade das progênies de B. pilosa e C. sumatrensis ao amônio glufosinate, progênies de sete das plantas anteriores foram também tratadas com 200 g ha-1 do amônio glufosinate. Foram quantificados os teores de amônia nos tecidos e porcentagens de controle foram avaliadas visualmente. A amônia foi extraída do tecido foliar fresco das plantas das duas espécies e quantificada por espectrofotometria. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 0, 3, 7, 14 e 21 DAA utilizando-se escala visual de notas variando de 0 a 100%. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste T e ajustados modelos de regressão não-linear. O estudo de dose-resposta demonstrou que o teor de amônia aumenta de forma assintótica com o aumento da dose do herbicida e que a porcentagem de intoxicação das espécies estudadas também aumenta de modo assintótico com o aumento tanto da dose do herbicida quanto do teor de amônia nos tecidos. O segundo estudo, de variação da sensibilidade, demonstrou haver variabilidade entre indivíduos de uma mesma população sensível ao herbicida, para as duas espécies analisadas; e o terceiro, de estudo das progênies, demonstrou que, para Bidens pilosa, as progênies das plantas com as diferentes capacidades de acumular amônia nos tecidos foram similares em termos de nível de acúmulo; no entanto, no caso de Conyza sumatrensis, as progênies de plantas com maior capacidade em acumulá-la, também exibiram maiores teores internos após o tratamento com glufosinate. Para as duas espécies, a variabilidade dos teores internos de amônia para cada progênie foi bastante alta, suplantando as diferenças médias entre as diferentes progênies, indicando pequena herdabilidade dessa característica.
The sensitivity of weeds to herbicide is often variable, due to several factors. The glufosinate-ammonium is a contact herbicide and inhibits the activity of the glutamine synthetase enzyme causing, among others, ammonia accumulation in the leaves, an indicator of the plants intoxication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of Bidens pilosa and Conyza sumatrensis to different doses of glufosinate ammonium and the sensitivity range of the plants and their progenies to the herbicide. Three studies were conducted, all in a greenhouse and repeated at different times. In the first study, two experiments were conducted to examine the dose-response curve, and the treatments were seven different doses of the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g ha-1), with four replicates for each specie. In the second study, which examined the sensitivity range of B. pilosa and C. sumatrensis to glufosinate ammonium, 44 B. pilosa plants and 16 C. sumatrensis plants were sprayed with 200 g ha-1 of the herbicide. At the time of spraying, the meristematic region and the youngest leaf of each plant were protected with a plastic bag so that they would not receive the herbicide, thus keeping the plants alive. At two days after treatment (DAT), an analysis of the ammonium content on the sprayed leaves them was conducted. The protected leaves were kept on the plants enabling to recover from herbicide treatment and to produce seeds used to assess the sensitivity of B. pilosa and C. sumatrensis progenies to glufosinate ammonium. When the plants had reached the reproductive stage, the flower buds were covered with paper bags to prevent cross-pollination and guarantee that only self-pollination would take place. In the third study, the sensitivity range of the progeny of B. pilosa and C. sumatrensis to glufosinate ammonium was investigated; in this experiment, the progenies of seven of the previous plants were sprayed with 200 g ha-1 of glufosinate ammonium. It was measured the ammonium contents in the tissues and herbicide injury to plants was visually assessed. Ammonium was extracted from fresh leaf tissue immediately after leaf collection from the two species, and quantified per spectrophotometry. Evaluations of visual injury were conducted at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT using a visual scale with grades ranging from 0 to 100%. The data were analyzed for t test (p≤0,05) and adjusted by non-linear regression models. The dose-response study showed that increase in ammonia content is related to the treatments used, being correlated to toxicity in the two species. The second study, the sensitivity variation showed that there was variability among individuals of the same population, for both species. The progenies study demonstrated that, Bidens pilosa, progeny plants with different capacities to accumulate ammonia in the tissues were similar in terms of buildup level; However, for Conyza sumatrensis, progeny plants with the greatest ability to accumulate it also exhibited higher internal levels after treatment with glufosinate. The variability of internal ammonia levels for each progeny was quite high, for both species, surpassing the average differences between different progenies, indicating low heritability of this characteristic.
The sensitivity of weeds to herbicide is often variable, due to several factors. The glufosinate-ammonium is a contact herbicide and inhibits the activity of the glutamine synthetase enzyme causing, among others, ammonia accumulation in the leaves, an indicator of the plants intoxication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of Bidens pilosa and Conyza sumatrensis to different doses of glufosinate ammonium and the sensitivity range of the plants and their progenies to the herbicide. Three studies were conducted, all in a greenhouse and repeated at different times. In the first study, two experiments were conducted to examine the dose-response curve, and the treatments were seven different doses of the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g ha-1), with four replicates for each specie. In the second study, which examined the sensitivity range of B. pilosa and C. sumatrensis to glufosinate ammonium, 44 B. pilosa plants and 16 C. sumatrensis plants were sprayed with 200 g ha-1 of the herbicide. At the time of spraying, the meristematic region and the youngest leaf of each plant were protected with a plastic bag so that they would not receive the herbicide, thus keeping the plants alive. At two days after treatment (DAT), an analysis of the ammonium content on the sprayed leaves them was conducted. The protected leaves were kept on the plants enabling to recover from herbicide treatment and to produce seeds used to assess the sensitivity of B. pilosa and C. sumatrensis progenies to glufosinate ammonium. When the plants had reached the reproductive stage, the flower buds were covered with paper bags to prevent cross-pollination and guarantee that only self-pollination would take place. In the third study, the sensitivity range of the progeny of B. pilosa and C. sumatrensis to glufosinate ammonium was investigated; in this experiment, the progenies of seven of the previous plants were sprayed with 200 g ha-1 of glufosinate ammonium. It was measured the ammonium contents in the tissues and herbicide injury to plants was visually assessed. Ammonium was extracted from fresh leaf tissue immediately after leaf collection from the two species, and quantified per spectrophotometry. Evaluations of visual injury were conducted at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT using a visual scale with grades ranging from 0 to 100%. The data were analyzed for t test (p≤0,05) and adjusted by non-linear regression models. The dose-response study showed that increase in ammonia content is related to the treatments used, being correlated to toxicity in the two species. The second study, the sensitivity variation showed that there was variability among individuals of the same population, for both species. The progenies study demonstrated that, Bidens pilosa, progeny plants with different capacities to accumulate ammonia in the tissues were similar in terms of buildup level; However, for Conyza sumatrensis, progeny plants with the greatest ability to accumulate it also exhibited higher internal levels after treatment with glufosinate. The variability of internal ammonia levels for each progeny was quite high, for both species, surpassing the average differences between different progenies, indicating low heritability of this characteristic.
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Palavras-chave
Ammonia, Picão-preto, Herbicida, Buva, Planta daninha, Glutamina sintetase, Nairy beggartick, Herbicide, Horseweed, Glutamine synthetase, Amônia