O cuidado de si e a estética da existência: em caso de mulheres vítimas de violências domésticas
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Data
2022-11-04
Autores
Alves, Jozimara Assunção Camilo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta tese de doutorado teve como foco principal a questão da linguagem sexista enquanto produtora de discursos que estimulam o preconceito e a violência, os quais ajudam a compor socialmente o imaginário, a representação simbólica e a identidade das mulheres. Esse fato linguístico e simbólico do sexismo feminino incita às hipóteses da pesquisa: Quais discursos constituem o imaginário social de mulheres em situação ou vítimas de violência doméstica? Quando chamadas ao protagonismo de suas histórias, que práticas discursivas compõem esse imaginário? Em que medida o sexismo linguístico aumenta ou não a vulnerabilidade e a exposição de mulheres às diversas violências? Os objetivos da pesquisa envolveram, primeiramente, identificar quais práticas discursivas e não discursivas que as mulheres vítimas de violência utilizam para prestar atenção nelas próprias, para se decifrarem, para se reconhecerem e se confessarem como sujeitos de desejo, como elas cuidam de si, e se autogovernam ou não. Em segundo lugar, objetivamos analisar as práticas discursivas e não discursivas sobre as mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica presentes na sociedade – em especial na mídia, família e mercado de trabalho – e na narrativização das histórias contadas por essas mulheres, quais seus efeitos de sentido e como estes contribuem para o aumento ou não da violência contra a mulher. Teórica e metodologicamente a pesquisa assenta-se no método genealógico Foucaultiano, ou seja, o estudo ao longo do tempo e da história do poder-saber dos jogos de verdade sobre as mulheres; os dispositivos linguísticos e não linguísticos que conduzem uma determinada verdade à ação sobre as mulheres que geram a violência; a identificação da maneira como se deu a constituição das mulheres violentadas em suas práticas de si e dos outros, de subjetivação e assujeitamento. O material de pesquisa foi composto inicialmente de discursos que circulam na mídia e na sociedade de forma geral que tratam do assunto e, posteriormente a pesquisa de campo, onde foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas em um Centro de Referência de Atendimento à Mulher - CRAM da rede pública de atendimento social de um município do interior paulista, entre os anos de 2020 e 2021, visando a análise das práticas discursivas e não discursivas das mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstraram que a população atendida na rede pública municipal seguiu o mesmo padrão de incidências sobre a violência doméstica encontradas nos dados estatísticos de nível nacional. Nas análises discursivas observamos que os dispositivos amoroso e materno possuem dupla função para as mulheres vítimas de violências domésticas: se por um lado as mantém reféns no ciclo de violência, por outro às despertam para o cuidado de si e do outro quando as agressões são direcionadas aos filhos. Os dispositivos institucionais atuam e podem atuar de maneiras diversificadas no processo de autogovernabilidade destas mulheres. Desta forma, concluímos esta tese com o entendimento de que o movimento de resistências das mulheres vítimas de violências domésticas, enquanto um contraponto a ideia de sujeição, é um processo individual, autotransformante e progressivo. São necessárias melhores garantias no formato de leis e de dispositivos institucionais para que os direitos das mulheres sejam garantidos em nosso país. O levantamento de dados e as análises realizadas neste estudo podem se somar aos dados nacionais e aos publicados em outras pesquisas, contribuindo principalmente na elucidação dos fatores que levam as mulheres a se deslocarem das situações de agressão e violência quando elas despertam para o cuidado de si, podendo contribuir também na elaboração de projetos educativos que instituem protocolos de atendimentos em instituições que recebem mulheres vítimas de violências domésticas.
This doctoral thesis had as its main focus the issue of sexist language as a producer of discourses that stimulate prejudice and violence, which can help to socially compose the imaginary and symbolic representation and identity of women. This linguistic and symbolic fact of female sexism encourages the research hypotheses: Which discourses constitute the social imaginary of women in situations or victims of domestic violence? When called to assist their own stories, what discursive practices make up their imaginary? To what extent does linguistic sexism increase or not women's vulnerability and exposure to various forms of violence? The research starts from the premise that an Ethical Education of the Modes of Existence permeated by a linguistic education, which takes into account the care of the self towards the other, that can be a way to resolve the suffering and improve the ways of life of women victims of domestic violence. The research objectives involved, firstly, to identify which discursive and non-discursive practices that women victims of violence use to pay attention to themselves, to decipher themselves, to recognize and confess themselves as subjects of desire, how they take care of themselves, and govern themselves or not. Secondly, we aimed to analyze the discursive and non-discursive practices about women victims of domestic violence present in society - especially in the media, family and labor market - and in the narrativization of the stories told by these women, what are their effects meaning and how they contribute to the increase or not the violence against women. Theoretically and methodologically, the research is based on the Foucaultian genealogical method, that is, the study over the history and time of the power-knowledge of the games of truth about women; the linguistic and non-linguistic devices that lead a certain truth to action on women who generate violence; the identification of the way in which the women who were violated were constituted in their practices of themselves and others, in the meaning of subjectivation and subjection. The research material was initially composed of speeches that circulate in the media and in society in general that deal with the subject and later the field research, where semi-structured interviews were carried out in a Reference Center for Assistance to Women RCAW of the public network of social assistance in a city in the interior of São Paulo State, between the years 2020 and 2021, aiming at the analysis of the discursive and non-discursive practices of women victims of domestic violence. The results of this research showed that the population served in the municipal public network followed the same pattern of incidences on domestic violence found in national statistical database. In the discursive analysis, we observed that the loving and maternal devices have a double function for women victims of domestic violence: if, in one hand they keep them hostage in the cycle of violence, on the other hand they awaken them to care for themselves and for the other, when the aggressions are directed at their children. Institutional devices act and can act in different ways in the process of self-governance of these women. Thus, we conclude this thesis with the understanding that the resistance movement of women victims of domestic violence, as a counterpoint to the idea of subjection, is an individual, self-transforming and progressive process. Greater guarantees are needed in the form of laws and institutional provisions so that women's rights are better guaranteed in our country. The data collection and analyzes carried out in this study can be added to national database and to those published in other studies, mainly contributing to the elucidation of the factors that lead women to move from situations of aggression and violence, when they become aware to the self-care, and can also contribute to the development of educational projects that establish protocols for care in institutions that receive women victims of domestic violence.
This doctoral thesis had as its main focus the issue of sexist language as a producer of discourses that stimulate prejudice and violence, which can help to socially compose the imaginary and symbolic representation and identity of women. This linguistic and symbolic fact of female sexism encourages the research hypotheses: Which discourses constitute the social imaginary of women in situations or victims of domestic violence? When called to assist their own stories, what discursive practices make up their imaginary? To what extent does linguistic sexism increase or not women's vulnerability and exposure to various forms of violence? The research starts from the premise that an Ethical Education of the Modes of Existence permeated by a linguistic education, which takes into account the care of the self towards the other, that can be a way to resolve the suffering and improve the ways of life of women victims of domestic violence. The research objectives involved, firstly, to identify which discursive and non-discursive practices that women victims of violence use to pay attention to themselves, to decipher themselves, to recognize and confess themselves as subjects of desire, how they take care of themselves, and govern themselves or not. Secondly, we aimed to analyze the discursive and non-discursive practices about women victims of domestic violence present in society - especially in the media, family and labor market - and in the narrativization of the stories told by these women, what are their effects meaning and how they contribute to the increase or not the violence against women. Theoretically and methodologically, the research is based on the Foucaultian genealogical method, that is, the study over the history and time of the power-knowledge of the games of truth about women; the linguistic and non-linguistic devices that lead a certain truth to action on women who generate violence; the identification of the way in which the women who were violated were constituted in their practices of themselves and others, in the meaning of subjectivation and subjection. The research material was initially composed of speeches that circulate in the media and in society in general that deal with the subject and later the field research, where semi-structured interviews were carried out in a Reference Center for Assistance to Women RCAW of the public network of social assistance in a city in the interior of São Paulo State, between the years 2020 and 2021, aiming at the analysis of the discursive and non-discursive practices of women victims of domestic violence. The results of this research showed that the population served in the municipal public network followed the same pattern of incidences on domestic violence found in national statistical database. In the discursive analysis, we observed that the loving and maternal devices have a double function for women victims of domestic violence: if, in one hand they keep them hostage in the cycle of violence, on the other hand they awaken them to care for themselves and for the other, when the aggressions are directed at their children. Institutional devices act and can act in different ways in the process of self-governance of these women. Thus, we conclude this thesis with the understanding that the resistance movement of women victims of domestic violence, as a counterpoint to the idea of subjection, is an individual, self-transforming and progressive process. Greater guarantees are needed in the form of laws and institutional provisions so that women's rights are better guaranteed in our country. The data collection and analyzes carried out in this study can be added to national database and to those published in other studies, mainly contributing to the elucidation of the factors that lead women to move from situations of aggression and violence, when they become aware to the self-care, and can also contribute to the development of educational projects that establish protocols for care in institutions that receive women victims of domestic violence.
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Palavras-chave
Educação, Feminismo, Mulheres, Violência contra a mulher, Análise do discurso, Education, Feminism, Women, Violence against women, Speech analysis