Aprimoramento da criação massal de Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) para utilização no manejo de pentatomídeos-praga na cultura da soja
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Data
2023-05-11
Autores
Parra, Letícia Martins
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O percevejo-marrom, Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) é uma das principais pragas da cultura da soja, podendo comprometer a qualidade dos grãos e a produtividade. Parasitoides de ovos, como Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), são altamente eficazes no manejo de ovos de E. heros. A liberação massal destes insetos feita geralmente com ovos parasitados à granel, é uma estratégia de controle biológico dentro do Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) que pode impedir o estabelecimento de pentatomídeos na cultura em níveis de dano econômico. Para que isso seja possível, a criação massal do parasitoide e do hospedeiro é de suma importância, bem como o estudo de diferentes parâmetros que interferem na criação. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas a influência de diferentes dietas ofertadas a E. heros em parâmetros biológicos e na capacidade de parasitismo de T. podisi em laboratório, assim como as exigências térmicas do parasitoide, a partir de bioensaios em esquema fatorial duplo compostos por seis dietas [(1): dieta natural e ovos frescos; (2): dieta natural e ovos criopreservados; (3): dieta artificial 1 e ovos frescos; (4): dieta artificial 1 e ovos criopreservados; (5): dieta artificial 2 e ovos frescos; (6): dieta artificial 2 e ovos criopreservados] e em sete temperaturas: 15±1°C, 18±1°C, 21±1°C, 24±1°C, 27±1°C, 30±1°C e 33±1°C. Um bioensaio de campo foi realizado nas Fazendas de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) (Botucatu-SP) comparando dois diferentes métodos de liberação de T. podisi em soja, compondo os tratamentos: (1) 1 hectare de soja liberando-se adultos de T. podisi previamente alimentados com mel; (2) 1 hectare de soja liberando-se pupas à granel; (3) 1 hectare de soja sem liberação (controle). Para a alimentação prévia, gotículas de mel foram depositadas dentro das cápsulas de liberação antes da emergência dos insetos. Avaliou-se em campo também a eficácia da liberação aérea de pupas à granel de T. podisi em soja, realizando bioensaios na Fazenda Santa Fé (Pardinho-SP). Os tratamentos foram compostos por: (1) 50 hectares com liberação de ovos parasitados por T. podisi à granel; (2) 50 hectares tratados com manejo químico; (3) 15 hectares sem aplicação de produtos (biológicos ou químicos). Em ambos os bioensaios de campo, foram realizadas liberações aéreas via drone (7500 fêmeas/ha), avaliando-se a sanidade de sementes (via teste tetrazólio), densidade de insetos e parâmetros reprodutivos e produtivos da soja. Nos bioensaios laboratoriais, observou-se uma relação inversa entre temperatura e sobrevivência de fêmeas. As temperaturas de 21±1°C a 30±1°C foram benéficas aos parâmetros biológicos e na capacidade de parasitismo de T. podisi, bem como a utilização de dietas artificiais na criação do hospedeiro. Nas FEPE, ambos os métodos de liberação reduziram a população de ninfas e os danos causados por E. heros em comparação ao controle, recomendando-se a utilização do controle biológico com liberação inundativa de T. podisi independentemente do método de liberação. Na Fazenda Santa Fé, não foi constatada a presença de nenhum pentatomídeo-praga nas avaliações.
The brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the main pests of soybean crop, which can compromise the quality of grains and productivity. Egg parasitoids such as Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are highly effective in managing E. heros eggs. The mass release of these insects, usually done with bulk parasitized eggs, is a biological control strategy within the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that can prevent the establishment of pentatomids in the crop at levels of economic damage. Mass rearing of the parasitoid and host is necessary, as well as the study of different parameters that interfere with rearing. In this work, the influence of different diets offered to E. heros on biological parameters and on the parasitism capacity of T. podisi was evaluated in the laboratory, based on bioassays in a double factorial arrangement composed of six diets [(1): natural diet and fresh eggs; (2): natural diet and cryopreserved eggs; (3): artificial diet 1 and fresh eggs; (4): artificial diet 1 and cryopreserved eggs; (5): artificial diet 2 and fresh eggs; (6): artificial diet 2 and cryopreserved eggs] and at seven temperatures: 15±1°C, 18±1°C, 21±1°C, 24±1°C, 27±1°C, 30±1°C and 33±1°C. A bioassay was also carried out at the Fazendas de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) (Botucatu-SP) comparing two different methods of releasing T. podisi in soybean, composing the treatments: (1) 1 hectare of soybean releasing T. podisi adults previously fed with honey; (2) 1 hectare of soybean releasing T. podisi pupae in bulk; (3) 1 hectare of unreleased soybeans (control). For pre-feeding, honey droplets were deposited inside the release capsules before insect emergence. The effectiveness of aerial release of bulk pupae of T. podisi in soybean was also evaluated in the field, performing bioassays at Fazenda Santa Fé (Pardinho-SP). The treatments consisted of: (1) 50 hectares with release of eggs parasitized by T. podisi in bulk; (2) 50 hectares treated with chemical management; (3) 15 hectares without application of products (biological or chemical). In both field bioassays, aerial releases were carried out via drone (7500 females/ha), evaluating seed damage (via tetrazolium test), insect density and reproductive and productive parameters of soybean. In laboratory bioassays, an inverse relationship was observed between temperature and female survival. Temperatures from 21±1°C to 30±1°C were beneficial to the biological parameters and to the parasitism capacity of T. podisi, as well as the use of artificial diets in the rearing of the host. In FEPE, both release methods of T. podisi, regardless of the method, reduced nymphs population and damage caused by E. heros compared to control. At Fazenda Santa Fé no pest pentatomids were found in the evaluations.
The brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the main pests of soybean crop, which can compromise the quality of grains and productivity. Egg parasitoids such as Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are highly effective in managing E. heros eggs. The mass release of these insects, usually done with bulk parasitized eggs, is a biological control strategy within the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that can prevent the establishment of pentatomids in the crop at levels of economic damage. Mass rearing of the parasitoid and host is necessary, as well as the study of different parameters that interfere with rearing. In this work, the influence of different diets offered to E. heros on biological parameters and on the parasitism capacity of T. podisi was evaluated in the laboratory, based on bioassays in a double factorial arrangement composed of six diets [(1): natural diet and fresh eggs; (2): natural diet and cryopreserved eggs; (3): artificial diet 1 and fresh eggs; (4): artificial diet 1 and cryopreserved eggs; (5): artificial diet 2 and fresh eggs; (6): artificial diet 2 and cryopreserved eggs] and at seven temperatures: 15±1°C, 18±1°C, 21±1°C, 24±1°C, 27±1°C, 30±1°C and 33±1°C. A bioassay was also carried out at the Fazendas de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) (Botucatu-SP) comparing two different methods of releasing T. podisi in soybean, composing the treatments: (1) 1 hectare of soybean releasing T. podisi adults previously fed with honey; (2) 1 hectare of soybean releasing T. podisi pupae in bulk; (3) 1 hectare of unreleased soybeans (control). For pre-feeding, honey droplets were deposited inside the release capsules before insect emergence. The effectiveness of aerial release of bulk pupae of T. podisi in soybean was also evaluated in the field, performing bioassays at Fazenda Santa Fé (Pardinho-SP). The treatments consisted of: (1) 50 hectares with release of eggs parasitized by T. podisi in bulk; (2) 50 hectares treated with chemical management; (3) 15 hectares without application of products (biological or chemical). In both field bioassays, aerial releases were carried out via drone (7500 females/ha), evaluating seed damage (via tetrazolium test), insect density and reproductive and productive parameters of soybean. In laboratory bioassays, an inverse relationship was observed between temperature and female survival. Temperatures from 21±1°C to 30±1°C were beneficial to the biological parameters and to the parasitism capacity of T. podisi, as well as the use of artificial diets in the rearing of the host. In FEPE, both release methods of T. podisi, regardless of the method, reduced nymphs population and damage caused by E. heros compared to control. At Fazenda Santa Fé no pest pentatomids were found in the evaluations.
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controle biológico, manejo integrado de pragas, percevejos, parasitoides, biological control, integrated pest management, stink bugs, parasitoids