Diversidade de ácaros predadores, com ênfase nos Mesostigmata (Gamasina), na cultura do amendoim no estado de São Paulo
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Data
2022-07-14
Autores
Santos, Bárbara Luiza Fialho
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Uma das principais pragas no cultivo do amendoim é o tripes-do prateamento, Enneothrips enigmaticus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Essa praga passa parte do seu ciclo no solo, onde se expõe ao ataque de ácaros predadores Mesostigmata que aí ocorrem. A ordem Mesostigmata é bastante diversa, mas é principalmente na coorte Gamasina desta ordem que se encontra a maior parte das espécies de predadores. A forma do preparo do solo pode variar no cultivo do amendoim, podendo afetar os organismos aí presentes. O primeiro passo para a busca de ácaros predadores para tripes no cultivo de amendoim é conhecer a diversidade destes na cultura. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade e abundância dos ácaros Mesostigmata edáficos em cultivos de amendoim sob diferentes formas de preparo do solo, comparando com a diversidade e abundância em uma área de vegetação natural e outra de pastagem próximas, além da descrição de uma nova espécie de Mesostigmata encontrada no estudo. Três tipos de preparação do solo no cultivo de amendoim foram avaliados (plantio convencional, plantio direto e plantio com escarificador); para comparação, as mesmas avaliações foram feitas também em uma área de vegetação natural e em outra de pastagem, próximas dos cultivos de amendoim. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Planalto, estado de São Paulo, realizando-se seis amostragens de serapilheira/solo entre dezembro de 2020 e março de 2021. O total de ácaros coletados em todas as áreas de estudo foi de 17.499 indivíduos, sendo encontradas espécies das ordens Mesostigmata (Gamasina e Uropodina), Sarcoptiformes (Astigmatina e Oribatida) e Trombidiformes. Em relação aos Mesostigmata, foram identificadas 3.009 fêmeas adultas de onze famílias. A abundância deste grupo de ácaros foi maior na área de escarificador (842 ácaros), seguido por plantio direto (781) e vegetação natural (675). A abundância no plantio convencional e, principalmente, na pastagem, foi muito menor (477 e 234, respectivamente). As quatro famílias mais abundantes foram Ascidae (cerca de 34% dos Gamasina coletados), Laelapidae (20%), Blattisociidae (17%) e Rhodacaridae (13%). Considerando todas as áreas de estudo, foram coletadas 59 morfoespécies de 25 gêneros de Mesostigmata. A espécie mais abundante no estudo foi Protogamasellus mica (Athias-Henriot) (Ascidae) com 596 indivíduos coletados. A maior riqueza foi encontrada na vegetação natural (45), seguida por plantio com escarificador (33), plantio direto (30), pastagem (28) e plantio convencional (21). O índice de Shanon seguiu o mesmo padrão de dimensões relativas (do maior, na vegetação natural, ao menor, no plantio convencional). Uma nova espécie de Gaeolaelaps (Laelapidae) foi descrita com base em espécimes de uma colônia de laboratório iniciada com espécimes coletados nas áreas de amendoim. Este é o primeiro trabalho que avalia a diversidade e abundância de ácaros edáficos em diferentes preparos do solo na cultura do amendoim e servirá de base para os estudos sobre o potencial de ácaros predadores no controle do tripes-do-prateamento.
One of the main pests in peanut cultivation is the silver thrips, Enneothrips enigmaticus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This pest spends part of its cycle in the soil, where it is exposed to the attack of predatory Mesostigmata mites that occur there. The order Mesostigmata is quite diverse, but it is mainly in the Gamasina cohort of this order that most predator species are found. The form of soil preparation may vary in peanut cultivation, which may affect the organisms present there. The first step in the search for predatory mites for thrips in peanut cultivation is to know their diversity in the culture. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of edaphic Mesostigmata mites in peanut crops under different forms of soil preparation, comparing with the diversity and abundance in an area of natural vegetation and another area of pasture, in addition to the description of a new species of Mesostigmata found in the study. Three types of soil preparation in peanut cultivation were evaluated (conventional tillage, no-tillage and tillage with scarifier); for comparison, the same evaluations were also carried out in an area of natural vegetation and another of pasture, close to the peanut crops. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Planalto, state of São Paulo, with six litter/soil samplings between December 2020 and March 2021. The total number of mites collected in all study areas was 17,499 individuals, being found species of Mesostigmata (Gamasin and Uropodina), Sarcoptiformes (Astigmatina and Oribatida) and Trombidiformes orders. Regarding Mesostigmata, 3,009 adult females from eleven families were identified. The abundance of this group of mites was higher in the scarifier area (842 mites), followed by no-tillage (781) and natural vegetation (675). The abundance in conventional planting and, mainly, in pasture, was much lower (477 and 234, respectively). The four most abundant families were Ascidae (about 34% of the Gamasina collected), Laelapidae (20%), Blattisociidae (17%) and Rhodacaridae (13%). Considering all study areas, 59 morphospecies of 25 genera of Mesostigmata were collected. The most abundant species in the study was Protogamasellus mica (Athias-Henriot) (Ascidae) with 596 individuals collected. The greatest richness was found in natural vegetation (45), followed by tillage with scarifier (33), no-tillage (30), pasture (28) and conventional tillage (21). The Shanon index followed the same pattern of relative dimensions (from the largest, in natural vegetation, to the smallest, in conventional planting). A new species of Gaeolaelaps (Laelapidae) is described based on specimens from a laboratory colony started with specimens collected from peanut areas. This is the first work that evaluates the diversity and abundance of edaphic mites in different soil preparations in the peanut crop and will serve as a basis for studies on the potential of predatory mites in the control of silver thrips.
One of the main pests in peanut cultivation is the silver thrips, Enneothrips enigmaticus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This pest spends part of its cycle in the soil, where it is exposed to the attack of predatory Mesostigmata mites that occur there. The order Mesostigmata is quite diverse, but it is mainly in the Gamasina cohort of this order that most predator species are found. The form of soil preparation may vary in peanut cultivation, which may affect the organisms present there. The first step in the search for predatory mites for thrips in peanut cultivation is to know their diversity in the culture. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of edaphic Mesostigmata mites in peanut crops under different forms of soil preparation, comparing with the diversity and abundance in an area of natural vegetation and another area of pasture, in addition to the description of a new species of Mesostigmata found in the study. Three types of soil preparation in peanut cultivation were evaluated (conventional tillage, no-tillage and tillage with scarifier); for comparison, the same evaluations were also carried out in an area of natural vegetation and another of pasture, close to the peanut crops. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Planalto, state of São Paulo, with six litter/soil samplings between December 2020 and March 2021. The total number of mites collected in all study areas was 17,499 individuals, being found species of Mesostigmata (Gamasin and Uropodina), Sarcoptiformes (Astigmatina and Oribatida) and Trombidiformes orders. Regarding Mesostigmata, 3,009 adult females from eleven families were identified. The abundance of this group of mites was higher in the scarifier area (842 mites), followed by no-tillage (781) and natural vegetation (675). The abundance in conventional planting and, mainly, in pasture, was much lower (477 and 234, respectively). The four most abundant families were Ascidae (about 34% of the Gamasina collected), Laelapidae (20%), Blattisociidae (17%) and Rhodacaridae (13%). Considering all study areas, 59 morphospecies of 25 genera of Mesostigmata were collected. The most abundant species in the study was Protogamasellus mica (Athias-Henriot) (Ascidae) with 596 individuals collected. The greatest richness was found in natural vegetation (45), followed by tillage with scarifier (33), no-tillage (30), pasture (28) and conventional tillage (21). The Shanon index followed the same pattern of relative dimensions (from the largest, in natural vegetation, to the smallest, in conventional planting). A new species of Gaeolaelaps (Laelapidae) is described based on specimens from a laboratory colony started with specimens collected from peanut areas. This is the first work that evaluates the diversity and abundance of edaphic mites in different soil preparations in the peanut crop and will serve as a basis for studies on the potential of predatory mites in the control of silver thrips.
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Palavras-chave
Controle biológico, Solo, Tripes, Amendoim