O uso de topótipos atuais para auxliar na resolução taxonômica do gênero Mazama Rafinesque, 1817, na América Latina
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2023-04-24
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os estudos taxonômicos dos cervídeos neotropicais do gênero Mazama tem mostrado a similaridade morfológica e alta diversidade cariotípica entre as espécies, sugerindo que muitos nomes considerados hoje sinônimos de outras espécies poderiam ser validados a partir das técnicas citogenéticas e genética molecular. Visando conhecer a identidade de vários táxons nominais designados para exemplares que foram descritos em países de América Latina, para os quais há ausência de pesquisa com respeito à sua taxonomia, o objetivo do trabalho foi complementar a descrição taxonômica de espécimes coletados no México, Argentina e Venezuela. Foi feita uma análise integrativa através da caracterização morfológica (biometria corporal, padrões de coloração e craniometria), citogenética (cariótipo convencional, biometria cromossômica, bandamento C, bandamento G, Coloração de Ag-NOR e FISH) e molecular (DNA mitocondrial) de topotipos atuais de Mazama pandora, Mazama americana citus, Mazama rufa toba e Mazama simplicicornis argentina. Como resultados, a filogenia mitocondrial recupera M. pandora como grupo-irmão de Odocoileus, e a investigação morfológica aponta para a existência de caracteres diagnósticos do táxon. Somado a exclusividade do cariótipo observado, os dados permitem a discussão de um gênero distinto de Mazama e Odocoileus. Para M. americana citus, os resultados moleculares apontam uma posição basal em Blastocerina, sendo essa linhagem distintamente relacionada com outros cervídeos neotropicais atualmente reconhecidos no gênero Mazama. O cariótipo único, a monofilia do clado e os caracteres exclusivos de tamanho e coloração corporal permitem reconhecer o nível específico do táxon. Para Mazama rufa toba, os dados moleculares, cariotípicos e morfológicos também são concordantes para o seu reconhecimento específico. A análise do genoma mitocondrial completo sustenta uma posição filogenética independente em Odocoileina para o espécime em relação a outros cervideos neotropicais e, em particular, à espécie M. rufa, já descrita para a região do Paraguai. Por outro lado, as características morfológicas e cariotípicas evidenciaram as homologias entre M. simplicicornis argentina e Subulo gouazoubira. Os resultados filogenéticos recuperaram ambos táxons no mesmo clado, evidenciando que M. simplicicornis argentina deve ser considerada como sinónimo junior de Subulo goauzoubira. Os topotipos analisados contribuíram com o entendimento da identidade taxonômica de exemplares descritos na América Latina e sua relação com as outras espécies de cervídeos neotropicais. O reconhecimento de espécies válidas e novos nomes genéricos evidenciados no presente estudo, sustenta a necessidade de continuar a revisão aprofundada do gênero Mazama, e constitui o passo inicial para estudos com abordagens que avaliem as populações e, estabelecem planos de conservação.
Taxonomic studies of Neotropical deer of the genus Mazama have shown great morphological similarity and high karyotypic diversity among the species, suggesting that many names considered today synonymous with other species could be validated using cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques. Aiming to know the identity of several nominal taxa assigned to specimens that were described in Latin American countries, for which there is a lack of research regarding their taxonomy, the objective of this work was to complement the taxonomic description of topotypes collected in Mexico, Argentina and Venezuela. An integrative analysis was performed through morphological (body measurement, coloration body patterns and skull measurement), cytogenetic (conventional karyotype, chromosomal biometry, C-banding, G-banding, Ag-Nor staining and FISH) and molecular (mitochondrial DNA) characterization) of current topotypes of the species M. pandora, M. cita, M. rufa toba and M. simplicicornis guoazoubira. As results, mitochondrial phylogeny recovers M. pandora as sister taxon of Odocoileus, and the morphological assessment shows diagnostic characters in this taxon. This, together with the observed karyotype exclusivity, the data allows the discussion of positioning this taxon in different genera from Odocoileus and Mazama. Regarding Mazama americana citus, the results reveal a basal position within Blastocerina, a lineage not closely related with the other Neotropical cervids currently recognized as Mazama. The taxon Mazama rufa toba, molecular, karyotypical and morphological data agree with its specific recognition. Complete mitochondrial genome analysis evidence an independent phylogenetic position of the specime within Odocoileina, compared with the other Neotropical deer, in particular, with Mazama rufa species previously described in Paraguay. The morphological and karyotypic characteristics showed homologies between M. simplicicornis argentina and Subulo gouazoubira. The phylogenetic results recovered both taxa in the same monophyletic clade, showing that M. simplicicornis argentina should be considered as a junior synonym of Subulo goauzoubira. The topotypes analyzed here contributed to the understanding of the taxonomic identity of specimens described in Latin America and their relationship with other species of Neotropical deer. The recognition of valid species and new generic names evidenced in the present study, supports the need to continue further reviewing of the genus Mazama, and is the first step for studies with approaches that assess populations and establish conservation plans.
Taxonomic studies of Neotropical deer of the genus Mazama have shown great morphological similarity and high karyotypic diversity among the species, suggesting that many names considered today synonymous with other species could be validated using cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques. Aiming to know the identity of several nominal taxa assigned to specimens that were described in Latin American countries, for which there is a lack of research regarding their taxonomy, the objective of this work was to complement the taxonomic description of topotypes collected in Mexico, Argentina and Venezuela. An integrative analysis was performed through morphological (body measurement, coloration body patterns and skull measurement), cytogenetic (conventional karyotype, chromosomal biometry, C-banding, G-banding, Ag-Nor staining and FISH) and molecular (mitochondrial DNA) characterization) of current topotypes of the species M. pandora, M. cita, M. rufa toba and M. simplicicornis guoazoubira. As results, mitochondrial phylogeny recovers M. pandora as sister taxon of Odocoileus, and the morphological assessment shows diagnostic characters in this taxon. This, together with the observed karyotype exclusivity, the data allows the discussion of positioning this taxon in different genera from Odocoileus and Mazama. Regarding Mazama americana citus, the results reveal a basal position within Blastocerina, a lineage not closely related with the other Neotropical cervids currently recognized as Mazama. The taxon Mazama rufa toba, molecular, karyotypical and morphological data agree with its specific recognition. Complete mitochondrial genome analysis evidence an independent phylogenetic position of the specime within Odocoileina, compared with the other Neotropical deer, in particular, with Mazama rufa species previously described in Paraguay. The morphological and karyotypic characteristics showed homologies between M. simplicicornis argentina and Subulo gouazoubira. The phylogenetic results recovered both taxa in the same monophyletic clade, showing that M. simplicicornis argentina should be considered as a junior synonym of Subulo goauzoubira. The topotypes analyzed here contributed to the understanding of the taxonomic identity of specimens described in Latin America and their relationship with other species of Neotropical deer. The recognition of valid species and new generic names evidenced in the present study, supports the need to continue further reviewing of the genus Mazama, and is the first step for studies with approaches that assess populations and establish conservation plans.
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Palavras-chave
Cervídeos neotropicais, Taxonomia (Zoologia), Citogenética animal, Genética molecular