A expressão do percurso na gramática do português
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Data
2023-04-13
Autores
Oliveira, Pedro Henrique Truzzi de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Este trabalho se debruça sobre expressões de percurso no português escrito e falado, visíveis em expressões completas como João veio da escola para minha casa pela estrada velha, em que aparecem constituintes nas funções Ablativo, Alativo e Perlativo, respectivamente. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o modo como a gramática do Português brasileiro codifica esse tipo específico de relação espacial, conhecido como Percurso (Path) com base em ocorrências reais retiradas de uma amostra falada, (Amostra Censo do Corpus Iboruna) e de uma amostra escrita (edições semanais da Revista CartaCapital). Os dados da amostra assim constituída foram submetidos, por sua vez, a seis critérios de análise: (i) natureza da relação espacial de percurso: (a) de locomoção; (b) de localização; (c) de cenário, que, por sua vez, podem ser identificados como percursos de ocorrência ou de processo (HUUMO, 2014); (ii) conceptualização do percurso: factivo ou fictivo (TALMY, 2000; LANGACKER, 2008); (iii) categoria conceptual das porções do percurso enunciadas: inicial, medial e final (TALMY, 2000); (iv) categoria semântica da relação locativa: Ablativo, Perlativo e Alativo ou mesmo duas delas ou todas as três; (v) categoria da preposição introdutória do Sintagma Adposicional (Adp): gramatical ou lexical (vi) natureza argumental dos locativos em relação ao molde de predicado envolvido. Os critérios foram estabelecidos com base no arcabouço da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), da Gramática Cognitiva (LANGACKER, 2008), nos conceitos de linguística cognitiva de Talmy (2000), bem como nos tipos de relação de trajeto postulados por Huumo (2014). Assume-se como principal hipótese que a conceptualização de diferentes tipos de percurso está correlacionada a diferenças de formulação semântica e de codificação morfossintática. Os resultados apontam para uma preferência pela codificação de percursos de locomoção, factivos por natureza, sobretudo na língua falada, ficando os percursos de localização e cenário restritos aos casos de percursos fictivos. Nota-se também que os casos de porção conceptual são majoritariamente correspondentes à formulação semântica dos locativos e à codificação morfossintática por preposições, denotando uma relação de transparência entre o que é conceptualizado pelo falante, com a formulação semântica resultante, e as escolhas morfossintáticas que codificam mais adequadamente esses processos. Exceções possíveis residem nos casos de percursos de cenário, que evocam todos os pontos do trajeto pelo escaneamento de um evento ou de uma entidade, tratando-se de um percurso exclusivamente conceptual. Quanto aos conectivos, nota se uma preferência, mais evidente na modalidade falada, pelo uso de preposições gramaticais ao de lexicais (PEZATTI et alii, 2010). Essa preferência é consistente com os resultados da argumentalidade, já que a natureza gramatical da preposição tende a introduzir argumentos , enquanto os casos introduzidos por preposição lexical ora introduzem argumentos, ora modificadores.
This work focuses over path expressions in written and spoken Portuguese, such as in complete expressions like João came from school to my house by the old road, in which we can see constituents with the function of Ablative, Allative and Perlative, respectively. Aiming to analyze how Brazilian Portuguese grammar codifies a specific type of spatial relation, known as Path, we used real occurrences taken from two types of samples, one spoken usage (Iboruna Database) and the other written usage (CartaCapital weekly magazines), to which were applied six criteria of analysis: (i) nature of spatial relation of path: (a) paths of transition; (b) paths of location; (c) paths of settings, which can be divided into path of occurrence and path of process (HUUMO, 2014); (ii) type of path conceptualization: factive or fictive (TALMY, 2000; LANGACKER, 2008); (iii) conceptual category of the evocated portion of path: initial, medial or final portion (TALMY, 2000); (iv) semantic type of the locative relation: ablative, perlative or allative; (v) category of the preposition introducing the Adp: grammatical or lexical; (vi) relation of argument or modifier of the locative in view of the predication frame. The criteria were established based upon the Functional Discourse Grammar Framework (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), the Cognitive Grammar (LANGACKER, 2008), the cognitivist concepts of Talmy (2000), as well as the path relations on Huumo (2014). The main hypothesis tested is that the conceptualization of different types of path account for corresponding differences in semantic formulation and morphosyntactic encoding. The results show a preference for paths of transition, non-fictive in nature, occurring mainly on written language, leaving paths of location and setting restricted to the cases of fictive path. It was also observed that the conceptual portions were almost totally matched to the semantic formulation and morphosyntactic codification using prepositions, showing transparency between what is conceptualized by the speaker, the semantic formulation and the morphosyntactic choices that best codify these processes. The exceptions were addressed to paths of setting, which evoke all the portions of the path through the scanning of an event or a group of entities, meaning an entirely conceptual path. About the prepositions, a preference, is noticed mainly on spoken language for using grammatical prepositions instead of lexical ones (PEZATTI et alii, 2010). This preference is consistent with the results of argumentality, since the grammatical nature of the preposition tends to introduce arguments, while cases introduced by a lexical preposition introduce sometimes arguments and sometimes modifiers.
This work focuses over path expressions in written and spoken Portuguese, such as in complete expressions like João came from school to my house by the old road, in which we can see constituents with the function of Ablative, Allative and Perlative, respectively. Aiming to analyze how Brazilian Portuguese grammar codifies a specific type of spatial relation, known as Path, we used real occurrences taken from two types of samples, one spoken usage (Iboruna Database) and the other written usage (CartaCapital weekly magazines), to which were applied six criteria of analysis: (i) nature of spatial relation of path: (a) paths of transition; (b) paths of location; (c) paths of settings, which can be divided into path of occurrence and path of process (HUUMO, 2014); (ii) type of path conceptualization: factive or fictive (TALMY, 2000; LANGACKER, 2008); (iii) conceptual category of the evocated portion of path: initial, medial or final portion (TALMY, 2000); (iv) semantic type of the locative relation: ablative, perlative or allative; (v) category of the preposition introducing the Adp: grammatical or lexical; (vi) relation of argument or modifier of the locative in view of the predication frame. The criteria were established based upon the Functional Discourse Grammar Framework (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), the Cognitive Grammar (LANGACKER, 2008), the cognitivist concepts of Talmy (2000), as well as the path relations on Huumo (2014). The main hypothesis tested is that the conceptualization of different types of path account for corresponding differences in semantic formulation and morphosyntactic encoding. The results show a preference for paths of transition, non-fictive in nature, occurring mainly on written language, leaving paths of location and setting restricted to the cases of fictive path. It was also observed that the conceptual portions were almost totally matched to the semantic formulation and morphosyntactic codification using prepositions, showing transparency between what is conceptualized by the speaker, the semantic formulation and the morphosyntactic choices that best codify these processes. The exceptions were addressed to paths of setting, which evoke all the portions of the path through the scanning of an event or a group of entities, meaning an entirely conceptual path. About the prepositions, a preference, is noticed mainly on spoken language for using grammatical prepositions instead of lexical ones (PEZATTI et alii, 2010). This preference is consistent with the results of argumentality, since the grammatical nature of the preposition tends to introduce arguments, while cases introduced by a lexical preposition introduce sometimes arguments and sometimes modifiers.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Locativos, Cognitivismo, Funcionalismo, Gramática discursivo-funcional, Locatives, Cognitive, Functionalism, Functional discourse grammar