Qualidade física do solo com diferentes sistemas de preparo e plantas de cobertura para o cultivo de abacaxi
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Data
2022-07-28
Autores
Moura Coimbra, Bruno
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A produção de abacaxi no Brasil baseia-se no sistema intensivo de monocultivo, afetando negativamente, com o passar do tempo, a qualidade física do solo e, principalmente, a produtividade da cultura. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os atributos físicos de um Latossolo, de textura franco argilo arenosa, sob formas de utilização do escarificador (sistemas de preparo), sendo estes realizados em área total (ET), na linha de plantio do abacaxi (EL) e sem escarificação (SE), e sob culturas de cobertura, sendo estas: Crotalária-ochroleuca (CR), Mix (Crotalária-ochroleuca, feijão guandu anão e Milheto) (MX) e vegetação espontânea (VE). O experimento foi instalado no município de Colômbia – SP, próximo às coordenadas geodésicas 20°12'05.1"S, 48°49’10.5"W, e altitude média de 509 metros. As áreas encontravam-se em pousio há 10 anos, ocupadas com vegetação espontânea, com predominância de Capim Brachiaria, e atividade de pastagem. Cerca de 72 dias após o plantio das plantas de cobertura, foram coletadas, nas 9 áreas, 10 amostras na camada 0,00 – 0,10 m e 10 amostras na camada 0,10 – 0,20 m de profundidade, em dezembro de 2019, cerca de uma semana antes do plantio do abacaxi. Os atributos avaliados foram: densidade do solo (Ds), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), quatro classes de poros (P1: d ≥ 0,1 mm; P2: 0,05 ≤ d < 0,1 mm; P3: 0,03 ≤ d < 0,05 mm e P4: d < 0,03 mm), diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP), índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA) e carbono orgânico (CO). Esses atributos foram submetidos à análise multivariada de fatores, onde se identificou três processos em cada camada avaliada, o primeiro foi interpretado como “relação massa/volume do solo”, o segundo como “microporosidade do solo” e o terceiro como “agregação do solo”. As respostas dos processos em cada um dos sistemas e culturas de cobertura foram testadas pela análise de variância e as interações significativas entre sistema de preparo de solo e plantas de cobertura foram analisadas pelo teste de médias de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. No processo interpretado como “relação massa/volume do solo”, observou-se maiores valores de macroporosidade em EL, sob os cultivos de CR e MX, portanto menores valores de RP e Ds. Em VE, não houve diferenças significativas. No processo “microporosidade”, camada 0,10 – 0,20 m, observou-se em EL sob VE maior volume de P4, contribuindo para o aumento do teor de água no solo. As plantas de cobertura, juntamente com EL proporcionaram melhores condições físicas ao solo e menor mobilização do mesmo.
The pineapple production in Brazil is based on an intensive monoculture system, negatively affecting, over time, the physical quality of the soil and, mainly, the crop's productivity. In this context, the objective of the job was to evaluate the physical attributes of an Oxisol, of clay loam, under forms of use of the scarifier (tillage), which are carried out in the total area (ET), in the pineapple planting line (EL) and without scarification (SE), and under cover crops, as follows: Crotalária-ochroleuca (CR), Mix (Crotalária-ochroleuca, dwarf pigeon pea e Milheto) (MX) and spontaneous vegetation (VE). The experiment was installed in the city of Colombia – SP, close to the geodetic coordinates 20° 10' 51'' S, 48° 41' 20'' W, and an average altitude of 509 meters. The areas was occupied 10 years with spontaneous vegetation, with a predominance of Capim Brachiaria. About 72 days after planting the cover crops, 10 samples in 0,00 – 0,10 m and 10 layer 0,10 – 0,20 m were collected in the 9 areas, in December 2019, about one week before the pineapple planting. The attributes evaluated were: soil density (Ds), soil penetration resistance (RP), four pore classes (P1: d ≥ 0,1 mm; P2: 0,05 ≤ d < 0,1 mm; P3: 0,03 ≤ d < 0,05 mm e P4: d < 0,03 mm), weighted average aggregate diameter (MpD), aggregate stability index (IEA) and organic carbon (CO). These attributes were submitted to multivariate factor analysis, where three processes were identified in each evaluated layer, the first was interpreted as "soil mass/volume ratio", the second as "soil microporosity" and the third as "soil aggregation". The responses of the processes in each of the cover systems and cultures were tested by variance analysis and the significant interactions between soil tillage system and cover plants were analyzed by the Tukey means test at the level of 5% probability. In the process interpreted as "soil mass/volume ratio", higher macroporosity values were observed in EL, under CR and MX crops, therefore lower values of RP and Ds. In VE, there were no significant differences. In the "microporosity" process, layer 0,10 – 0,20 m, it was observed in EL under VE higher volume of P4, contributing to the increase of the water content in the soil. The cover plants, together with EL, provided better physical conditions to the soil and less mobilization.
The pineapple production in Brazil is based on an intensive monoculture system, negatively affecting, over time, the physical quality of the soil and, mainly, the crop's productivity. In this context, the objective of the job was to evaluate the physical attributes of an Oxisol, of clay loam, under forms of use of the scarifier (tillage), which are carried out in the total area (ET), in the pineapple planting line (EL) and without scarification (SE), and under cover crops, as follows: Crotalária-ochroleuca (CR), Mix (Crotalária-ochroleuca, dwarf pigeon pea e Milheto) (MX) and spontaneous vegetation (VE). The experiment was installed in the city of Colombia – SP, close to the geodetic coordinates 20° 10' 51'' S, 48° 41' 20'' W, and an average altitude of 509 meters. The areas was occupied 10 years with spontaneous vegetation, with a predominance of Capim Brachiaria. About 72 days after planting the cover crops, 10 samples in 0,00 – 0,10 m and 10 layer 0,10 – 0,20 m were collected in the 9 areas, in December 2019, about one week before the pineapple planting. The attributes evaluated were: soil density (Ds), soil penetration resistance (RP), four pore classes (P1: d ≥ 0,1 mm; P2: 0,05 ≤ d < 0,1 mm; P3: 0,03 ≤ d < 0,05 mm e P4: d < 0,03 mm), weighted average aggregate diameter (MpD), aggregate stability index (IEA) and organic carbon (CO). These attributes were submitted to multivariate factor analysis, where three processes were identified in each evaluated layer, the first was interpreted as "soil mass/volume ratio", the second as "soil microporosity" and the third as "soil aggregation". The responses of the processes in each of the cover systems and cultures were tested by variance analysis and the significant interactions between soil tillage system and cover plants were analyzed by the Tukey means test at the level of 5% probability. In the process interpreted as "soil mass/volume ratio", higher macroporosity values were observed in EL, under CR and MX crops, therefore lower values of RP and Ds. In VE, there were no significant differences. In the "microporosity" process, layer 0,10 – 0,20 m, it was observed in EL under VE higher volume of P4, contributing to the increase of the water content in the soil. The cover plants, together with EL, provided better physical conditions to the soil and less mobilization.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Porosidade do solo, Sistemas de produção, Soil porosity, production systems, Abacaxi, Absorção do solo, Solos aeração