Inoculação com bactérias promotoras de crescimento, fornecimento de silício e adubação nitrogenada em grama esmeralda
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2023-08-28
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A grama Esmeralda é o gramado mais comercializado no Brasil e o nutriente exigido em maior quantidade para sua produção, é o nitrogênio (N). A inoculação com bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCPs) podem reduzir o consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados, principalmente pelo desenvolvimento radicular devido à ação fitohormonal, aumentando assim a absorção de água e nutrientes pela grama, além da fixação de N2 atmosférico realizado por algumas bactérias, contribuindo para uma agricultura sustentável com menor impacto ao meio ambiente. Outro fator determinante para um bom desenvolvimento das plantas é a maior eficiência do uso da água devido a menor perda de água por evapotranspiração, potencializar o aproveitamento da radiação solar por manter as folhas mais eretas, tornando-a mais resistente ao tráfego ou pisoteio, estes efeitos podem ser benefícios do uso de adubação com silício (Si), além de proporcionar certa tolerância ao ataque de pragas e patógenos, bem como melhor qualidade de tapete. Diante o exposto, as BPCPs aliadas ao fornecimento de Si foram pouco testadas a fim de se aferir a eficiência em áreas de produção de gramas associada à redução da dose de N fornecida. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a taxa de cobertura do solo, índice de cor verde escuro, matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes, rizomas e estolões, massa dos tapetes, concentração e acúmulo de nutrientes, atributos químicos do solo em área de produção de grama Esmeralda, sob o efeito da inoculação com bactérias promotoras de crescimento de planta (P. fluorescens e A. brasilense) aliado ao fornecimento de silício por meio da adubação potássica e doses de N, visando à redução em 25% da adubação nitrogenada, maior nutrição de plantas e fertilidade do solo, assim como a produção de tapetes de grama de qualidade. O experimento ocorreu no município de Pereira Barreto, SP e o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 12 tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x2x2, com quatro repetições, cada parcela foi constituída por 9 m2. O primeiro fator: três inoculações, o controle (não inoculado) e duas inoculações BPCPs (A. brasilense e P. fluorescens), o segundo fator: redução das doses de N (100 e 75% da dose aplicada na área de produção, de 280 kg ha-1) e o terceiro fator: com e sem o fornecimento de Si via adubação potássica (Potásil com 25% Si total e Cloreto de potássio, nas doses de 240 kg ha-1 de K2O). A dose de 100 % do N proporcionou aumento de 10% e 12% na TCS aos 90 e 143 DAA, respectivamente, em relação ao fornecimento de 75% da dose de N. Ocorreu maior TCS (10,6 e 8,8%) na testemunha em comparação a inoculação com A. brasilense e P. fluorecens, respectivamente, aos 143 DAA. Foi verificado que o fornecimento da maior dose de N proporcionou maior ICVE do tapete de grama em duas épocas analisadas (90 DAA e 143 DAA). As inoculações com A. brasilense e P. fluorescens proporcionaram incremento de 15 e 23%, respectivamente, na matéria seca da parte aérea em relação a testemunha. A dose recomendada de N promoveu maior taxa de cobertura do solo, assim como proporcionou um verde mais intenso em Z. japonica, todavia, a dose de 75% da dose recomendada de N ocasionou maior massa dos tapetes. As inoculações com P. fluorescens e A. brasilense propiciaram incremento na matéria seca da parte aérea de grama Esmeralda. O fornecimento de silício beneficiou a matéria seca de raízes, rizomas e estolões que foi maior sob o fornecimento deste elemento. A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense resultou em maior teor de P na análise dos atributos químicos de solo e muito provavelmente também promoveu efeito positivo na disponibilização deste nutriente para as plantas. A redução da adubação nitrogenada afetou negativamente as concentrações e acúmulos dos macronutrientes primários em parte aérea de grama Esmeralda. Sendo assim, com o suprimento recomendado de nitrogênio houve maiores concentrações de N, P, K na parte aérea de Zoysia japonica. Contudo, a inoculação com P. fluorescens aliado ao uso de Potasil com o fornecimento de 75% da dose de N favoreceu o maior crescimento das plantas, sendo esta combinação a mais indicada para o cultivo de grama Esmeralda de acordo com o presente estudo, conseguindo reduzir em 25% a adubação nitrogenada do gramado.
The Esmeralda grass is the most commercialized in Brazil and the nutrient required in greater quantity in its production is nitrogen (N). Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can reduce the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, mainly due to the effect of atmospheric N2 fixation carried out by some bacteria, in addition to greater root development due to phytohormonal action, thus increasing water absorption and nutrients from the grass, and contribute to sustainable agriculture with less impact on the environment. Another determining factor for good plant development is greater efficiency in water use due to less water loss through evapotranspiration, enhancing the use of solar radiation by keeping the leaves more upright, making them more resistant to traffic or trampling, these effects may be benefits from the use of silicon (Si) fertilization, in addition to providing a certain tolerance to pest and pathogen attack, as well as better carpet quality. Given the above, the PGPB combined with the supply of silicon were little tested in order to assess their efficiency in areas of sod production associated with the reduction of the supplied N dose. To affirm the beneficial effects of PGPB in the sod production and this possible reduction in production costs with regard to the acquisition of nitrogen fertilizers, research is necessary. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the soil coverage rate, dark green color index, dry matter of the aerial part and roots, rhizomes and stolons, mat mass, concentration and accumulation of nutrients, chemical attributes of the soil in Esmeralda grass production area, under the effect of inoculation with bacteria that promote plant growth (P. fluorescens and A. brasilense) combined with silicon nutrition through potassium fertilization and doses of N, resulting in a 25% reduction in nitrogen fertilization, greater plant nutrition and soil fertility, as well as the production of quality grass mats. The experiment took place in the municipality of Pereira Barreto - SP, Brazil and the experimental design was in randomized blocks with 12 treatments invested in a 3x2x2 factorial scheme, with four replications, each plot was included by 9 m2. The first factor: three inoculations, the control (not inoculated) and two BPCPs inoculations (A. brasilense and P. fluorescens), the second factor: Reduction of N doses (100 and 75% of the dose applied in the production area, of 280 kg ha-1) and the third factor: with and without Si supplied via potassium fertilization (potassium with 25% total Si and potassium chloride, in doses of 240 kg ha-1 of K2O). The 100% N dose provided a 10% and 12% increase in TCS at 90 and 143 DAA, respectively, in relation to the adequate 75% N dose. There was a higher TCS (10.6 and 8.8%) in the control compared to inoculation with A. brasilense and P. fluorecens, respectively, at 143 DAA. It was verified that the supply of the highest dose of N provided a higher ICVE of the grass carpet in two proven periods (90 DAA and 143 DAA). Inoculations with A. brasilense and P. fluorescens provided an increase of 15 and 23%, respectively, in the dry matter of the aerial part in relation to the control. The recommended dose of N promoted a higher rate of soil coverage, as well as providing a more intense green in Z. japonica, however, the dose of 75% of the recommended dose of N caused greater mass of the mats. Inoculations with P. fluorescens and A. brasilense provided an increase in the shoot dry matter of Esmeralda grass. The supply of silicon benefited the dry matter of roots, rhizomes and stolons, which was greater under the supply of this element. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense was proven to produce a higher P content in the analysis of soil chemical attributes and most likely also promoted a positive effect on the availability of this nutrient for plants. The reduction in nitrogen fertilization affected the concentrations and accumulation of primary macronutrients in the aerial part of Esmeralda grass. Therefore, with the recommended supply of nitrogen there were higher concentrations of N, P, K in the aerial part of Zoysia japonica. However, inoculation with P. fluorescens combined with the use of potassium with the supply of 75% of the N dose favored greater plant growth, this combination being the most suitable for the cultivation of Esmeralda grass according to the present study, achieving reduce nitrogen fertilization of the lawn by 25%.
The Esmeralda grass is the most commercialized in Brazil and the nutrient required in greater quantity in its production is nitrogen (N). Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can reduce the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, mainly due to the effect of atmospheric N2 fixation carried out by some bacteria, in addition to greater root development due to phytohormonal action, thus increasing water absorption and nutrients from the grass, and contribute to sustainable agriculture with less impact on the environment. Another determining factor for good plant development is greater efficiency in water use due to less water loss through evapotranspiration, enhancing the use of solar radiation by keeping the leaves more upright, making them more resistant to traffic or trampling, these effects may be benefits from the use of silicon (Si) fertilization, in addition to providing a certain tolerance to pest and pathogen attack, as well as better carpet quality. Given the above, the PGPB combined with the supply of silicon were little tested in order to assess their efficiency in areas of sod production associated with the reduction of the supplied N dose. To affirm the beneficial effects of PGPB in the sod production and this possible reduction in production costs with regard to the acquisition of nitrogen fertilizers, research is necessary. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the soil coverage rate, dark green color index, dry matter of the aerial part and roots, rhizomes and stolons, mat mass, concentration and accumulation of nutrients, chemical attributes of the soil in Esmeralda grass production area, under the effect of inoculation with bacteria that promote plant growth (P. fluorescens and A. brasilense) combined with silicon nutrition through potassium fertilization and doses of N, resulting in a 25% reduction in nitrogen fertilization, greater plant nutrition and soil fertility, as well as the production of quality grass mats. The experiment took place in the municipality of Pereira Barreto - SP, Brazil and the experimental design was in randomized blocks with 12 treatments invested in a 3x2x2 factorial scheme, with four replications, each plot was included by 9 m2. The first factor: three inoculations, the control (not inoculated) and two BPCPs inoculations (A. brasilense and P. fluorescens), the second factor: Reduction of N doses (100 and 75% of the dose applied in the production area, of 280 kg ha-1) and the third factor: with and without Si supplied via potassium fertilization (potassium with 25% total Si and potassium chloride, in doses of 240 kg ha-1 of K2O). The 100% N dose provided a 10% and 12% increase in TCS at 90 and 143 DAA, respectively, in relation to the adequate 75% N dose. There was a higher TCS (10.6 and 8.8%) in the control compared to inoculation with A. brasilense and P. fluorecens, respectively, at 143 DAA. It was verified that the supply of the highest dose of N provided a higher ICVE of the grass carpet in two proven periods (90 DAA and 143 DAA). Inoculations with A. brasilense and P. fluorescens provided an increase of 15 and 23%, respectively, in the dry matter of the aerial part in relation to the control. The recommended dose of N promoted a higher rate of soil coverage, as well as providing a more intense green in Z. japonica, however, the dose of 75% of the recommended dose of N caused greater mass of the mats. Inoculations with P. fluorescens and A. brasilense provided an increase in the shoot dry matter of Esmeralda grass. The supply of silicon benefited the dry matter of roots, rhizomes and stolons, which was greater under the supply of this element. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense was proven to produce a higher P content in the analysis of soil chemical attributes and most likely also promoted a positive effect on the availability of this nutrient for plants. The reduction in nitrogen fertilization affected the concentrations and accumulation of primary macronutrients in the aerial part of Esmeralda grass. Therefore, with the recommended supply of nitrogen there were higher concentrations of N, P, K in the aerial part of Zoysia japonica. However, inoculation with P. fluorescens combined with the use of potassium with the supply of 75% of the N dose favored greater plant growth, this combination being the most suitable for the cultivation of Esmeralda grass according to the present study, achieving reduce nitrogen fertilization of the lawn by 25%.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Acúmulo de nutrientes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azospirillum brasilense, Zoysia japonica Steud, Fontes de potássio, Nutrient accumulation, Potassium sources
Como citar
MOREIRA, Vitória de Almeida. Inoculação com bactérias promotoras de crescimento, fornecimento de silício e adubação nitrogenada em grama esmeralda. 2023. 87 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia) – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Ilha Solteira, 2023.