Aeronaves pilotas remotamente na liberação de parasitoides de pupas de lepidópteros em plantações de eucalipto
Carregando...
Data
2021-02-10
Autores
Nascimento, Diego Arcanjo do [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os objetivos desta tese foram: (1) verificar se pupas em cápsulas causam a morte dos parasitoides no interior do hospedeiro após aplicação com Aeronaves Pilotadas remotamente (RPAs), (2) tempo operacional das aplicações, (3) emergência dos parasitoides, (4) embalagens contra predação das pupas e (5) dispersão e distribuição de parasitoides liberados em diferentes quantidades. As observações foram submetidas a análise de deviance ou variância e comparações de médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Para os estudos com RPAs, utilizamos o modelo X800 GEO hexacóptero. No primeiro estudo, as aplicações ocorreram a 30, 60, 100 metros de altura. Foram liberadas pupas de Diatraea saccharalis previamente parasitadas por Trichospilus diatraeae em laboratório e não foi observada quebra ou rompimento em nenhuma altura. A emergência de adultos após liberação foi afetada, porém, o parasitismo após liberação não. No segundo estudo, o tempo médio para preparo das cápsulas para aplicação foi de 17 minutos, 4 minutos para abastecimento e 12 minutos para programação e voo em 8 hectares. A temperatura pode ter causado a morte dos parasitoides. Em relação ao objetivo (4), todas as pupas nos compartimentos sofreram predação, sendo as maiores médias nas cápsulas com 2,1 mm de orifício para saída de parasitoides com 66,82%±3,85. Na sequência, sacolas de papel apresentaram 22,30%±2,46 seguida das cápsulas com orifício 1 e 5 de 1,22 mm com 8,15%±5,15 e 17,04%±5,82. Encontramos apenas 38% das cápsulas liberadas com RPAs no campo, os demais compartimentos, 100%. No objetivo (5), liberamos Palmistichus elaeisis nas seguintes quantidades: 2, 6 e 18 mil no centro de 2,2 hectares contendo armadilhas adesivas. Houve diferença na presença percentual de parasitoides, sendo menor em 2 mil (30,77%±3,14) e iguais para 6 e 18 mil (59,62%±8,53 e 63,47%±7,28). Machos e fêmeas não apresentaram diferença com médias de 1,5±0,5, 3,5±1,3 e 3,75±1,55 para a primeira variável e 4,0±1,29, 8,25±1,25 e 9,5±2,18 para a segunda. O total de parasitoides coletados foi maior no tratamento liberado 18 mil com média de 13,25±2,29 insetos, seguido de 11,5±2,22 e 5,5±0,96 para 6 e 2 mil. O percentual de parasitoides coletados em relação a proporção liberada foi de 0,66±0,23 para 18 mil e 0,57±0,22 e 0,26±0,09 para os demais tratamentos 6 e 2 mil. Na avaliação da distância de voo, machos e fêmeas de todos os tratamentos atingiram a distância máxima de captura (114m) aumentando a frequência com o distanciamento do ponto central. Concluímos até o momento que alturas de aplicação de 30 a 100 metros causaram efeitos negativos apenas na emergência dos parasitoides, o parasitismo dos insetos pós-aplicação e a emergência pós-parasitismo não foi afetada. Os compartimentos seguros contra predação seguiram foram cápsulas modelos 1, 2 e sacola de papel. A fase biológica do parasitoide para liberação em qualquer compartimento deve ser próxima da emergência. As liberações de P. elaeisis nas quantidades de 6 e 18 mil apresentaram como as mais adequadas com dispersão de 114 metros. Também relatamos pela primeira vez no Brasil a viabilidade técnica/biológica do controle biológico em florestas com parasitoides em RPAs.
The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to verify if pupae in capsules cause the death of parasitoids inside the host after application with remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs), (2) operational time of the applications, (3) emergence of the parasitoids, (4) packages against pupal predation and (5) dispersion and distribution of parasitoids released in different quantities. The observations were submitted to analysis of deviance or variance and comparisons of means by the Tukey test at 5%. For studies with RPAs, we used the X800 GEO hexacopter model. In the first study, the applications occurred at 30, 60, 100 meters in height. We released pupae of Diatraea saccharalis parasitized by Trichospilus diatraeae and did not observe any break. The emergence of adults after release was affected, however, parasitism after release was not. In the second study, the average time to prepare the capsules for application was 17 minutes, 4 minutes for filling and 12 minutes for programming and flying over 8 hectares. The temperature may have caused the parasitoids to die. In relation to the objective (4), all pupae in the compartments underwent predation, with the highest averages in the capsules with 2.1 mm orifice for parasitoids with 66.82% ± 3.85. In the sequence, paper bags showed 22.30% ± 2.46 followed by capsules with orifice 1 and 5 of 1.22mm with 8.15% ± 5.15 and 17.04% ± 5.82. We found only 38% of the capsules released with RPAs in the field, the other compartments, 100%. In objective (5), we release the parasitoid Pamistichus elaeisis in the following quantities: 2, 6 and 18 thousand in the center of 2.2 hectares containing adhesive traps. There was a difference in the percentage of parasitoids, being lower in 2.000 (30.77% ± 3.14) and equal to 6.000 and 18.000 (59.62% ± 8.53 and 63.47% ± 7.28). Males and females showed no difference with averages of 1.5 ± 0.5, 3.5 ± 1.3 and 3.75 ± 1.55 for the first variable and 4.0 ± 1.29, 8.25 ± 1.25 and 9.5 ± 2.18 for the second. The total number of parasitoids collected was higher in the treatment released 18 thousand with an average of 13.25 ± 2.29 insects, followed by 11.5 ± 2.22 and 5.5 ± 0.96 for 6 and 2 thousand. The percentage of parasitoids collected in relation to the proportion released was 0.66 ± 0.23 for 18 thousand and 0.57 ± 0.22 and 0.26 ± 0.09 for the other treatments 6 and 2 thousand. In the evaluation of the flight distance, males and females of all treatments reached the maximum capture distance (114m) increasing the frequency with the distance from the central point. We have concluded so far that application heights of 30 to 100 meters caused negative effects only in the emergence of parasitoids, insect parasitism after application and post-parasitism emergence was not affected. The predation-safe compartments followed were capsules models 1, 2 and paper bag. The biological phase of the parasitoid for release in any compartment must be close to the emergency. The releases of P. elaeisis in the quantities of 6 and 18 thousand presented as the most suitable with a dispersion of 114 m. We also reported for the first time in Brazil the technical/biological feasibility of biological control in forests with parasitoids in RPAs.
The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to verify if pupae in capsules cause the death of parasitoids inside the host after application with remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs), (2) operational time of the applications, (3) emergence of the parasitoids, (4) packages against pupal predation and (5) dispersion and distribution of parasitoids released in different quantities. The observations were submitted to analysis of deviance or variance and comparisons of means by the Tukey test at 5%. For studies with RPAs, we used the X800 GEO hexacopter model. In the first study, the applications occurred at 30, 60, 100 meters in height. We released pupae of Diatraea saccharalis parasitized by Trichospilus diatraeae and did not observe any break. The emergence of adults after release was affected, however, parasitism after release was not. In the second study, the average time to prepare the capsules for application was 17 minutes, 4 minutes for filling and 12 minutes for programming and flying over 8 hectares. The temperature may have caused the parasitoids to die. In relation to the objective (4), all pupae in the compartments underwent predation, with the highest averages in the capsules with 2.1 mm orifice for parasitoids with 66.82% ± 3.85. In the sequence, paper bags showed 22.30% ± 2.46 followed by capsules with orifice 1 and 5 of 1.22mm with 8.15% ± 5.15 and 17.04% ± 5.82. We found only 38% of the capsules released with RPAs in the field, the other compartments, 100%. In objective (5), we release the parasitoid Pamistichus elaeisis in the following quantities: 2, 6 and 18 thousand in the center of 2.2 hectares containing adhesive traps. There was a difference in the percentage of parasitoids, being lower in 2.000 (30.77% ± 3.14) and equal to 6.000 and 18.000 (59.62% ± 8.53 and 63.47% ± 7.28). Males and females showed no difference with averages of 1.5 ± 0.5, 3.5 ± 1.3 and 3.75 ± 1.55 for the first variable and 4.0 ± 1.29, 8.25 ± 1.25 and 9.5 ± 2.18 for the second. The total number of parasitoids collected was higher in the treatment released 18 thousand with an average of 13.25 ± 2.29 insects, followed by 11.5 ± 2.22 and 5.5 ± 0.96 for 6 and 2 thousand. The percentage of parasitoids collected in relation to the proportion released was 0.66 ± 0.23 for 18 thousand and 0.57 ± 0.22 and 0.26 ± 0.09 for the other treatments 6 and 2 thousand. In the evaluation of the flight distance, males and females of all treatments reached the maximum capture distance (114m) increasing the frequency with the distance from the central point. We have concluded so far that application heights of 30 to 100 meters caused negative effects only in the emergence of parasitoids, insect parasitism after application and post-parasitism emergence was not affected. The predation-safe compartments followed were capsules models 1, 2 and paper bag. The biological phase of the parasitoid for release in any compartment must be close to the emergency. The releases of P. elaeisis in the quantities of 6 and 18 thousand presented as the most suitable with a dispersion of 114 m. We also reported for the first time in Brazil the technical/biological feasibility of biological control in forests with parasitoids in RPAs.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Controle biológico, pragas florestais, parasitoides de pupa, Biological control, Forest pests, Pupa parasitoids