Avaliação espaço temporal do risco potencial de poluição por cargas difusas para a bacia de contribuição do reservatório de Chavantes-SP
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2023-08-04
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A interação das civilizações com os recursos hídricos ao longo da história está diretamente ligada ao surgimento e desenvolvimento das sociedades. No entanto, o crescimento desordenado e a influência humana no meio natural têm causado alterações no uso da terra, resultando na poluição ambiental. Autores apontam que a poluição do meio aquático ocorre de duas formas: através de fontes pontuais, como lançamentos em um ponto específico com cargas contínuas ou intermitentes, facilmente identificáveis como efluentes domésticos e industriais, e através de fontes difusas, que variam de acordo com o tipo de uso da terra, geologia, hidrologia, climatologia e características das bacias hidrográficas. Com o aumento da disponibilidade de dados geoespaciais, surgem tecnologias para tentar quantificar a contribuição dessas fontes, que se tornaram mais relevantes em países desenvolvidos, onde as fontes pontuais já são controladas. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar e modelar de forma espaço-temporal a influência da dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra no potencial de geração de cargas difusas, utilizando geotecnologias na bacia de contribuição da Unidade Hidrelétrica de Chavantes – SP. Para isso, foram utilizadas técnicas para cálculo do indicador Potencial Non-Point Pollution Index (PNPI) com adaptações. O PNPI foi calculado a partir de três subindicadores: Distance Indicator, Run-off Indicator e Land Cover Indicator, cada um representando diferentes fenômenos físicos relacionados à distância dos cursos d'água, transporte de poluição de acordo com a geologia, permeabilidade e características predominantes do uso da terra. Utilizou-se o software ArcGis PRO para elaboração das hidrográficas e dados de mapeamento de uso e cobertura da terra do MapBiomas. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram uma forte influência da dinâmica do uso da terra na área de contribuição da Usina Hidrelétrica de Chavantes, resultando em um aumento no indicador PNPI. Como conclusão, o estudo indicou a necessidade de uma maior ênfase no estudo de poluição difusa no Brasil, destacando a importância de aprimorar os indicadores para o país, bem como a necessidade de desenvolver uma metodologia de calibração específica para esses indicadores.
The interaction of civilizations with water resources throughout history is linked to the emergence and development of societies. However, uncontrolled growth and human influence on the natural environment have led to changes in land use, resulting in environment pollution. Authors point out that aquatic pollution occurs in two ways: through point sources, such as releases at specific points with continuous or intermittent loads easily identifiable as domestic and industrial effluents, and through diffuse sources, which vary according to land use, geology, hydrology, climatology, and the characteristics of watersheds. With the increasing availability of geospatial data, technologies emerge to quantify the contribution of these sources, which have become more relevant in developed countries where point sources are already controlled. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate and model, in a spatial temporal the influence of land use dynamics on the potential generation of diffuse loads using geotechnologies in the contributing basin of the Chavantes Hydroelectric Power Plant in São Paulo, Brazil. As a methodology, techniques were used to calculate the Potential Non-Point Pollution Index (PNPI) indicator with adaptations. The PNPI was calculated based on three sub-indicators: Distance Indicator, Run-off Indicator, and Land Cover Indicator, each representing different physical phenomena related to the distance from watercourses, pollution transport according to geology, permeability, and predominant land use characteristics. The ArcGis PRO software was used for hydrographic creation, and land use mapping data from MapBiomas. The research results demonstrated a strong influence of land use dynamics in the contributing area of the Chavantes Hydroelectric Power Plant, resulting in an increase in the PNPI indicator. In conclusion, the study indicated the need for a greater emphasis on diffuse pollution in Brazil, highlighting the importance of improving indicators for the country, as well as the need to develop a specific methodology for calibrating these indicators.
The interaction of civilizations with water resources throughout history is linked to the emergence and development of societies. However, uncontrolled growth and human influence on the natural environment have led to changes in land use, resulting in environment pollution. Authors point out that aquatic pollution occurs in two ways: through point sources, such as releases at specific points with continuous or intermittent loads easily identifiable as domestic and industrial effluents, and through diffuse sources, which vary according to land use, geology, hydrology, climatology, and the characteristics of watersheds. With the increasing availability of geospatial data, technologies emerge to quantify the contribution of these sources, which have become more relevant in developed countries where point sources are already controlled. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate and model, in a spatial temporal the influence of land use dynamics on the potential generation of diffuse loads using geotechnologies in the contributing basin of the Chavantes Hydroelectric Power Plant in São Paulo, Brazil. As a methodology, techniques were used to calculate the Potential Non-Point Pollution Index (PNPI) indicator with adaptations. The PNPI was calculated based on three sub-indicators: Distance Indicator, Run-off Indicator, and Land Cover Indicator, each representing different physical phenomena related to the distance from watercourses, pollution transport according to geology, permeability, and predominant land use characteristics. The ArcGis PRO software was used for hydrographic creation, and land use mapping data from MapBiomas. The research results demonstrated a strong influence of land use dynamics in the contributing area of the Chavantes Hydroelectric Power Plant, resulting in an increase in the PNPI indicator. In conclusion, the study indicated the need for a greater emphasis on diffuse pollution in Brazil, highlighting the importance of improving indicators for the country, as well as the need to develop a specific methodology for calibrating these indicators.
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Poluição hídrica, Poluição difusa, Bacias hidrográficas, Sistemas de informação geográficas, Diffuse pollution, Water pollution, Modeling, Watersheds