Análise das ilhas de calor urbanas em São Luís – Maranhão
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Data
2022-03-04
Autores
Torres, Marco Aurélio Neri
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a formação das Ilhas de Calor Urbana em São Luís, capital do estado do Maranhão, considerando a dinamicidade do espaço urbano, as características físicas e ambientais e as diferentes formas de uso e ocupação da terra. As ilhas de calor podem ser caracterizadas pela diferença de temperaturas de um ambiente rural mais próximo para com os demais ambientes da zona urbana. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi utilizada a teoria do Sistema Clima Urbano (SCU), proposta por Monteiro (1976), particularmente no subsistema termodinâmico que envolve dados referentes às temperaturas observadas e distribuídas espacialmente na cidade, considerando-se, principalmente, as ilhas de calor urbanas e a estrutura intraurbana. Para que os objetivos fossem atingidos, a pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas diferentes, porém complementares, tais como: identificação e caracterização do ambiente urbano; análise das ilhas de calor superficiais por meio de sensoriamento remoto; e análise das ilhas de calor urbanas atmosféricas a partir de registros das temperaturas em pontos fixos. Foram utilizadas técnicas de Processamento Digital de Imagem de Satélite, estatísticas descritivas para entendimento inicial da dinâmica das temperaturas urbanas, análise das temperaturas para o estudo das intensidades e magnitudes das ilhas de calor atmosféricas. Como resultados, as ilhas de calor superficiais apresentaram maiores temperaturas nas áreas mais densamente construída, e as menores foram registradas nas áreas relacionadas a Unidades de Conservação, Áreas de Preservação Permanente ou áreas que com nível maior de arborização devido aos padrões de habitação. As ilhas de calor atmosféricas apresentaram maiores intensidades no período diurno. No período noturno têm-se um padrão de baixa diferença das intensidades da ICU. As magnitudes encontradas foram de baixa, média, forte e muito forte magnitude, sendo que as de fraca magnitude foram predominantes no período estudado (76,5%).
The present research aimed to analyze the formation of Urban Heat Islands in São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão, considering the dynamics of urban space, the physical and environmental characteristics and the different forms of land use and occupation. The heat islands can be characterized by the difference in temperatures of a closer rural environment to the other environments of the urban area. For the development of the research, the theory of the Urban Climate System (UHS), proposed by Monteiro (1976), was used, particularly in the thermodynamic subsystem that involves data regarding the temperatures observed and spatially distributed in the city, considering mainly the urban heat islands and the intra-urban structure. In order to achieve the objectives, the research was divided into three different but complementary stages, such as: identification and characterization of the urban environment; analysis of surface heat islands through remote sensing; and analysis of atmospheric urban heat islands based on temperature records at fixed points. Satellite Image Digital Processing techniques were used, descriptive statistics for initial understanding of the dynamics of urban temperatures, analysis of temperatures for the study of intensities and magnitudes of atmospheric heat islands. As results, the surface heat islands showed higher temperatures in the most densely built areas, and the lowest were recorded in areas related to Conservation Units, Permanent Preservation Areas or areas that have a higher level of afforestation due to housing patterns. Atmospheric heat islands presented higher intensities in the daytime period. In the nighttime period there is a pattern of low differences in UHI intensities. The magnitudes found were of low, medium, strong and very strong magnitude, being that those of weak magnitude were predominant in the studied period (76.5%).
The present research aimed to analyze the formation of Urban Heat Islands in São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão, considering the dynamics of urban space, the physical and environmental characteristics and the different forms of land use and occupation. The heat islands can be characterized by the difference in temperatures of a closer rural environment to the other environments of the urban area. For the development of the research, the theory of the Urban Climate System (UHS), proposed by Monteiro (1976), was used, particularly in the thermodynamic subsystem that involves data regarding the temperatures observed and spatially distributed in the city, considering mainly the urban heat islands and the intra-urban structure. In order to achieve the objectives, the research was divided into three different but complementary stages, such as: identification and characterization of the urban environment; analysis of surface heat islands through remote sensing; and analysis of atmospheric urban heat islands based on temperature records at fixed points. Satellite Image Digital Processing techniques were used, descriptive statistics for initial understanding of the dynamics of urban temperatures, analysis of temperatures for the study of intensities and magnitudes of atmospheric heat islands. As results, the surface heat islands showed higher temperatures in the most densely built areas, and the lowest were recorded in areas related to Conservation Units, Permanent Preservation Areas or areas that have a higher level of afforestation due to housing patterns. Atmospheric heat islands presented higher intensities in the daytime period. In the nighttime period there is a pattern of low differences in UHI intensities. The magnitudes found were of low, medium, strong and very strong magnitude, being that those of weak magnitude were predominant in the studied period (76.5%).
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Palavras-chave
Climatologia urbana, Temperatura, São Luís - Maranhão, Urban climatology, Temperature