A identificação de Regiões Urbanas Homogêneas no Brasil a partir da análise espacial da distribuição populacional e das viagens pendulares
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2022-03-03
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Sabe-se que diversas Regiões Urbanas Homogêneas (RUHs) estabelecidas no país possuem uma fraca dinâmica metropolitana e foram criadas principalmente segundo critérios político-administrativos. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi identificar as RUHs no Brasil a partir de técnicas de estatística espacial, utilizando dados da distribuição populacional e das viagens pendulares intermunicipais. Estudos envolvendo essa temática têm produzido bons resultados, mas no Brasil concentram-se em investigações para os estados de São Paulo e Bahia, apenas. Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma análise das RUHs considerando-se todo o território nacional, uma vez que tal estudo ainda não havia sido desenvolvido. A abordagem utilizada foi a ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) por meio da utilização de ferramentas de estatística espacial aplicadas uni e bivariadamente para os dados municipais de densidade populacional e de fluxos pendulares de entrada e de saída, gerando os índices de Moran e mapas temáticos para cada simulação e para cada estado brasileiro. A interpretação dos resultados foi desenvolvida utilizando-se o índice de Jaccard, mensurando a similaridade entre o conjunto de municípios que apresentaram dinâmica metropolitana de acordo com a técnica empregada e o conjunto de municípios que estão inseridos em regiões metropolitanas oficiais. O estudo pôde identificar as RUHs brasileiras segundo um critério quantitativo, baseado na distribuição populacional e fluxos de viagens, além de apontar regiões em que a instalação de níveis metropolitanos de gestão parece não se justificar. Os resultados sugerem que a combinação de variáveis que mais se aproxima de um método satisfatório para a definição e delimitação das RUHs brasileiras é a bivariada na qual os dados de densidade populacional foram usados como variável local (para o município estudado em questão) e os dados de viagens pendulares foram empregados como variável adjacente (para os municípios vizinhos daquele estudado). Ainda assim, o estudo resultou em grande heterogeneidade entre os estados, sugerindo uma carência de uma abordagem padronizada para definir as RUHs brasileiras. Consequentemente, tal abordagem proporcionaria benefícios em termos de planejamento e gestão dos sistemas urbanos quando se pensa em nível nacional.
It is known that several Functional Urban Regions (FURs) established in the country have a weak metropolitan dynamic and were created mainly according to political-administrative criteria. The objective of this master's thesis was to identify the FURs in Brazil using spatial statistics techniques, applying data of population distribution and inter-municipal commuting trips. Studies involving this theme have produced good results, but in Brazil they are concentrated on investigations for the states of São Paulo and Bahia only. In this sense, an analysis of the FURs was conducted considering the entire national territory, since such an analysis had not been developed yet. The approach used was the ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) with spatial statistical tools applied uni and bivariately to municipal data on population density and inbound and outbound commuting flows, generating Moran indexes and thematic maps for each simulation and for each Brazilian state. The interpretation of the results was developed using the Jaccard index, measuring the similarity between the set of municipalities that presented metropolitan dynamics according to the technique employed and the set of municipalities that are inserted in official metropolitan regions. The study could identify the Brazilian FURs according to a quantitative criterion, based on population distribution and travel flows, besides pointing out regions in which the installation of metropolitan levels of management does not seem justified. The results suggest that the combination of variables that comes closest to a satisfactory method for the definition and delimitation of the Brazilian FURs is the bivariate one in which the population density data was used as the local variable (i.e., related to a given municipality) and the commuting data was employed as the adjacent variable (i.e., related to the neighboring municipalities of a given municipality). Still, the study resulted in great heterogeneity among states, suggesting a lack of a standardized approach to define Brazilian FURs. Consequently, such an approach would provide benefits in terms of planning and management of urban systems when thinking at the national level.
It is known that several Functional Urban Regions (FURs) established in the country have a weak metropolitan dynamic and were created mainly according to political-administrative criteria. The objective of this master's thesis was to identify the FURs in Brazil using spatial statistics techniques, applying data of population distribution and inter-municipal commuting trips. Studies involving this theme have produced good results, but in Brazil they are concentrated on investigations for the states of São Paulo and Bahia only. In this sense, an analysis of the FURs was conducted considering the entire national territory, since such an analysis had not been developed yet. The approach used was the ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) with spatial statistical tools applied uni and bivariately to municipal data on population density and inbound and outbound commuting flows, generating Moran indexes and thematic maps for each simulation and for each Brazilian state. The interpretation of the results was developed using the Jaccard index, measuring the similarity between the set of municipalities that presented metropolitan dynamics according to the technique employed and the set of municipalities that are inserted in official metropolitan regions. The study could identify the Brazilian FURs according to a quantitative criterion, based on population distribution and travel flows, besides pointing out regions in which the installation of metropolitan levels of management does not seem justified. The results suggest that the combination of variables that comes closest to a satisfactory method for the definition and delimitation of the Brazilian FURs is the bivariate one in which the population density data was used as the local variable (i.e., related to a given municipality) and the commuting data was employed as the adjacent variable (i.e., related to the neighboring municipalities of a given municipality). Still, the study resulted in great heterogeneity among states, suggesting a lack of a standardized approach to define Brazilian FURs. Consequently, such an approach would provide benefits in terms of planning and management of urban systems when thinking at the national level.
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ESDA, Índice de Jaccard, Densidade demográfica, Pêndulo, Regiões metropolitanas, Regiões urbanas homogêneas, Densidade populacional, Movimentos pendulares, Functional urban regions, Commuting trips, Population density, Commuting, Jaccard index