ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Chemical composition of potato tubers: the effect of cultivars
and growth conditions

Magali Leonel1 • Ezequiel Lopes do Carmo2
• Adalton Mazetti Fernandes1

•

Rogério Peres Soratto3
• Juliana Aparecida Marques Ebúrneo1

• Émerson Loli Garcia1
•

Thaı́s Paes Rodrigues dos Santos1

Accepted: 28 April 2017 / Published online: 30 May 2017

� Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2017

Abstract The aim of the study involved evaluating the

chemical composition of tubers of five potato cultivars that

were grown under the same cultural practices in soils with

low, medium, and high availability of phosphorus. The

experimental designs corresponded to a randomized block

with four replicates. Tuber samples were analyzed in terms

of moisture, ash, protein, lipid, total sugar, fiber, starch, and

phosphorus contents. The results suggested that increased

availability of phosphorus in soil allowed the production of

tubers with higher dry matter content, lower total sugar

content, and a higher percentage of starch and protein.

Hence, the aforementioned parameters constitute important

factors corresponding to the nutritional and industrial

quality of potatoes. Increased phosphorus availability in

soil can promote significant changes in the composition of

potato tubers, and thereby in potential uses of tubers.

Keywords Solanum tuberosum � Tuber quality �
Nutrients � Soil fertility

Introduction

Productive efficiency of a potato ensures high use of areas

for the production of food, and this is an important feature

in a global scenario of constant population growth. A

potato is the fourth most important food crop, and it con-

tains a wide variety of phytochemicals compounds (Brown

2008; Marwaha et al. 2010; Ezekiel et al. 2013). In Brazil,

a potato is the main horticultural crop in terms of area and

food preference (Streck et al. 2007), and the planted area in

2013 corresponded to 127 thousand hectares with an

agricultural production of 3.5 million tons (FAO 2016).

The potato production in Brazil is concentrated in a limited

number of cultivars. The cultivars Agata, Asterix, Atlantic,

Markies, and Mondial constitute the most planted cultivars

in Brazil and represent the largest portion of the total area

planted with potatoes.

The chemical composition of potatoes determines pro-

cessing quality and is influenced by several factors,

including production area, cultivars, soil and climate,

agricultural practice, storage, and commercialization con-

ditions (Arvanitoyannis et al. 2008).

Differences in the potato crop between genotypes for

shoot growth rate and dry matter production are attributed

to differences in phosphorus (P) uptake efficiency and in

the use efficiency of phosphorus absorbed (Balemi and

Schenk 2009). Potato crops possess a high requirement for

soil available P and this indicates a low P uptake efficiency.

Low P use efficiency in potato was reported as primarily

related to a relatively low root to shoot ratio and especially

to a relatively low proportion of root hairs (Dechassa et al.

2003; Westermann 2005; Iwama 2008; Thornton et al.

2014; Hopkins et al. 2014). The phosphorus following

absorption by a plant participates in various metabolic

processes including energy transfer, synthesis of nucleic

& Magali Leonel

mleonel@cerat.unesp.br

1 Tropical Root and Starches Center (CERAT), São Paulo State

University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18610-307, Brazil

2 Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Campo Novo Do Parecis,

Brazil

3 School of Agriculture (FCA), São Paulo State University

(UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18610-307, Brazil

123

J Food Sci Technol (July 2017) 54(8):2372–2378

DOI 10.1007/s13197-017-2677-6

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acids and starch, respiration, synthesis and stability of

membranes, activation and deactivation of enzymes, redox

reactions and carbohydrate metabolism (Vance et al. 2003).

Starch is the main carbohydrate of potato tubers and

phosphorylation of starch during its biosynthesis process

has important effects on technological properties of potato

starch (Lu et al. 2011). Leonel et al. (2016) examined the

characteristics of starches of different potato cultivars

grown in soils with three levels of phosphorus (P) avail-

ability and found that higher contents of P in starch were

observed when potatoes were grown in soils with higher P

availability. Additionally, increased starch phosphorylation

promoted significant changes in amylose content as well as

thermal and pasting properties.

Potatoes are among most widely cultivated crops in the

world, and thus it is extremely important to understand the

impact of grown conditions on qualitative parameters of

potatoes in terms of the importance of phosphorus in potato

plant metabolism. Therefore, an objective of this study

involved investigating the impact of three levels of phos-

phorus availability in soil on the composition of tubers of

five potato cultivars that were grown in Brazil.

Materials and methods

Growing of potatoes

The study involved three experiments that were conducted

under field conditions in commercial potato production

areas. Soil samples consisting of 20 subsamples were col-

lected at a depth corresponding to a 0–0.20 m layer to

determine chemical properties of the soil prior to the

installation of the experimental tests.

The experiments were conducted in the following soils

with different P availabilities: low (14 mg dm-3), medium

(36 mg dm-3) and high (70 mg dm-3) P availability soils.

The available phosphorus was extracted using ion

exchange resin and was determined by atomic absorption

spectrophotometry (Van Raij et al. 2001).

The experiments were conducted in a randomized block

design with four replications. The treatments consisted of

five potato cultivars, and each plot consisted of five rows of

5 m of length. With respect to the evaluations, central rows

disregarding 0.5 m were considered at the end of each row

of plants and a row on each side of the plot. The species of

potato cultivars used in all the experiments included Agata,

Asterix, Atlantic, Markies, and Mondial.

Potatoes were grown by following traditional potato pro-

duction technology.Mineral fertilization at the planting phase

of all experiments consisted of the application of 62 kg ha-1

N and 124 kg ha-1 K2O for all cultivars in the form of

ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride, respectively.

Topdressing fertilization in areas with low, medium, and

high phosphorus availability was performed 22, 24, and

28 days after planting (DAP), respectively. Specifically,

43, 64, and 41 kg ha-1 N of fertilizer was applied in areas

with low, medium, and high phosphorus availability,

respectively. Pest control was performed in all the exper-

iments based on technical recommendations for the potato

crop. The plants in all areas were desiccated with diquat

(331 g a.i. ha-1) at approximately 100 DAP, and the tubers

were harvested after 21 days for performing evaluations.

Analysis of potato tubers

The samples for qualitative examinations (8–10 kg of

potato tubers) were collected from four field replications

for each plot by using standard methods. Washed and

peeled potato tubers were comminuted, and the following

indices were determined with respect to the potato pulp:

moisture, ash, total protein, total lipids, total sugar, fibers,

starch (AOAC 2012), and phosphorus (Noda et al. 2004).

Statistical analysis

Experimental data were collectively analyzed by consid-

ering the potato cultivars and phosphorus availability of the

three soil types. The data were subjected to analysis of

variance using SAS statistical software. Blocks and all

block interactions were considered as random effects. The

cultivars and P availability were considered as fixed

effects. The means were separated by using Tukey’s test at

a 0.05 probability level.

Results and discussion

The importance of tuber moisture (or dry matter) in potato

processing industries is widely known. Dry matter content

of tubers is the most important character that determines

the quality and yield of fried and dehydrated products.

Increased dry matter or solid content results in the

increased recovery of processed products, lower oil

absorption, lesser energy consumption, and imparts a

crispy texture to a product (Marwaha et al. 2010; Rommens

et al. 2010). A dry matter content corresponding to 18–20%

is considered as acceptable for chips, French fries, and

dehydrated products (Ezekiel et al. 1999).

The results of the present study revealed that the

moisture of potato tubers was influenced by the investi-

gated combination of soil P availability and cultivars and

corresponded to a range of 78.17 to 88.11 g 100 g-1

(11.89–21.83 g 100 g-1 of dry matter) (Table 1). Braun

et al. (2010) cited 16.54, 16.63, and 21.45% of dry matter

content for Agata, Asterix, and Atlantic cultivars,

J Food Sci Technol (July 2017) 54(8):2372–2378 2373

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respectively. Zorzella et al. (2003) analyzed thirteen potato

genotypes and reported levels of dry matter ranging from

16.37 to 24.51 g 100 g-1, and observed a content corre-

sponding to 23.51 g 100 g-1 of dry matter for the cultivar

Atlantic. Similar levels of dry matter in the potato cultivars

were observed in the current study with respect to condi-

tions of higher P availability (Table 1).

Data analysis showed that the increase in P soil avail-

ability led to an increase in dry matter content of tubers

(Table 1). This revealed that the adequate availability of

this nutrient in the soil significantly influenced the pro-

duction and allocation of assimilates in the tubers. The

interference of growth conditions on the composition of

potato tubers was also observed in other studies.

Specifically, Jenkins and Ali (1999) used different

potato cultivars and doses of phosphorus (0–400 kg P2O5

ha-1) in their experiments and concluded that P deficiency

decreased dry matter production by reducing the radiation

intercepted during the crop cycle (RI). However, the sen-

sitivity of RI to phosphorus deficiency potentially varied

with the genotype. Daily RI constitutes a product of the

daily fraction of radiation intercepted (FRI) by a crop and

daily incident solar radiation (Sandaña and Kalazich 2015).

Sandaña (2016) investigated phosphorus uptake and

utilization efficiency in response to potato genotype and

phosphorus availability and observed that tuber dry matter

yield was positively related to total P uptake in two growth

conditions corresponding to P fertilization rates of 0 and

130 kg ha-1 P.

The potato is considered as a plant with low P use

efficiency and with a limited ability to absorb in soils with

low phosphorus availability, and this is typically attributed

to low density roots of a potato that are concentrated

mainly in first 30 cm of depth below the seed tubers

(Dechassa et al. 2003; Iwama 2008).

The differences observed between the varieties in the

three soils could be due to their mechanisms of adaptation

to the growing conditions. Plants growing at low P con-

centrations develop adaptive mechanisms including chan-

ges in morphology and architecture of the root system as

well as in physiological characteristics of roots. Root sys-

tems with larger root surfaces, lengths, and densities

Table 1 Chemical composition of tubers of potato cultivars culti-

vated in soil with different P availability

Cultivars Soil P availability

14 mg dm-3 36 mg dm-3 70 mg dm-3

Moisture (g 100 g-1)

Agata 88.11Aa 85.22Ba 85.67Ba

Asterix 85.52Ab 83.39Bb 83.04Cb

Atlantic 82.47Ad 81.43Bc 78.17Cc

Markies 84.00Ac 80.86Bc 78.38Cc

Mondial 85.54Ab 83.37Bb 82.10Cb

Starch (g 100 g-1)

Agata 8.89Bd 11.78Ac 11.33Ac

Asterix 11.47Cc 13.60Bb 14.94Ab

Atlantic 14.53Ca 15.57Ba 18.83Aa

Markies 13.00Cb 16.14Ba 18.62Aa

Mondial 11.46Cc 13.63Bb 14.90Ab

Protein (g 100 g-1)

Agata 1.59ABc 1.71Ac 1.45Bd

Asterix 1.91Ab 1.71Bc 1.65Bc

Atlantic 2.28Aa 1.97Bb 1.91Bb

Markies 2.17Aa 2.35Aa 1.93Bb

Mondial 2.17Aa 1.68Bc 1.50Bd

Fibers (g 100 g-1)

Agata 0.66Ab 0.57Ab 0.60Aa

Asterix 0.74Aa 0.74Aa 0.62Ba

Atlantic 0.71Aa 0.48Bb 0.34Bb

Markies 0.49Ac 0.41ABc 0.39Bb

Mondial 0.80Aa 0.50Bb 0.46Bb

Total sugars (g100 g-1)

Agata 0.72Aa 0.58Ba 0.36Ca

Asterix 0.54Ab 0.65Aa 0.28Ba

Atlantic 0.76Aa 0.19Bc 0.11Bb

Markies 0.20Ac 0.12ABc 0.08Bb

Mondial 0.45Ab 0.44Ab 0.34Aa

Ash (g 100 g-1)

Agata 0.87Ab 0.81Ac 0.81Ad

Asterix 1.07Aa 0.86Bbc 0.99Ac

Atlantic 1.09Ba 1.10Ba 1.38Aa

Markies 1.08 Ba 0.94Cb 1.20Ab

Mondial 0.95Ab 0.92Ab 0.97Ac

Lipids (g 100 g-1)

Agata 0.28Bb 0.94Aa 0.94Aa

Asterix 0.95Aa 0.91Aa 0.88Aa

Atlantic 1.04Aa 0.74Bb 0.60Bb

Markies 0.25Cc 0.43Bc 0.82Aa

Mondial 0.90Aa 0.75ABb 0.66Bb

Phosphorus (mg 100 g-1)

Agata 19.75Aab 25.80Aab 23.32Ab

Asterix 18.70Bab 25.53Aab 22.90ABb

Atlantic 21.27Bab 27.88ABab 29.63Aab

Table 1 continued

Cultivars Soil P availability

14 mg dm-3 36 mg dm-3 70 mg dm-3

Markies 24.05Ba 30.95Aa 35.27Aa

Mondial 14.10Bb 22.77Ab 24.10Ab

Means followed by the same capital letters in the row do not differ at

5% level by Tukey test. Means followed by the same lowercase letters

in the column do not differ at 5% by Tukey test

2374 J Food Sci Technol (July 2017) 54(8):2372–2378

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usually exhibit high P uptake efficiency when P availability

is low (Hu et al. 2010; López-Bucio et al. 2003; Ragho-

thama and Karthikeyan 2005).

With respect to the starch content in the potato tubers,

the results indicated differences among cultivars and also

revealed the interference of P in the soil with respect to this

component for all cultivars (Table 1).

The starch content ranged from 8.89 to 18.83 g 100 g-1.

All cultivars accumulated higher starch content in soil with

higher P availability. This result occurreddue toPparticipating

in a number of key enzymes that are involved in the regulation

of starch synthesis. Additionally, phosphorus is also part of

starch composition and is connected to the amylopectin frac-

tion in the form of phosphate ester (Nielsen et al. 1994).

The cultivar Agata did not exhibit an increase in the

content of starch with increases in phosphorus availability,

and this shows that this cultivar does not require increased

P availability in the soil to synthesize and accumulate

amounts of starch in tubers (Table 1). This result could be

related to an increased development of the root system of

the cultivar Agata that resulted in higher P uptake under

conditions of medium P availability, and thereby in

increased starch accumulation in the tubers.

The results indicate that the P availability in soil can

affect the starch content of tubers and could thereby

interfere in the quality of potatoes with respect to the

industry. Kita (2002) correlated texture of potatoes with

their starch content as intended for the chips industry and

found that levels exceeding 15 g 100 g-1 (wet basis) of

starch provided greater crispness in terms of the slices.

Following carbohydrates, proteins constitute the second

major components of dry matter in potato tubers with

content ranging between 2.7 and 14.6 g 100 g-1 of dry

matter. (Bárta and Bártová 2008; Bártová and Bárta 2009;

Bárta et al. 2012; Bártová et al. 2012).

The results showed a variation of 1.45–2.35 g 100 g-1

with respect to the protein content in potato tubers

(Table 1). The data analysis revealed that lower protein

levels were observed in soils with high P availability, and

this behavior was not observed for the cultivar Agata.

The fiber content of potatoes is relatively low when

compared with that of other commonly used vegetables.

Results with respect to the potato tubers showed variations

ranging from 0.34 to 0.80 g 100 g-1 (wet basis). The

effects of cultivars and soil on this component were

observed as listed in Table 1. With the exception of the

Agata cultivar, potatoes cultivated in soil with increased P

availability exhibited less fiber in the composition. The

cultivar Markies displayed a lower content of fiber in soil

with low and medium P availabilities.

Reistad and Hagen (1986) examined dietary fiber in

potato and observed 3.5 g 100 g-1 of soluble fiber,

4.0 g 100 g-1 of insoluble fiber, and 7.5 g 100 g-1 of

total fiber (dry weight). A study by Mulling and Smith

(1991) revealed values of 2.5 g 100 g-1 with respect to

soluble fiber, 4.3 g 100 g-1 with respect to insoluble

fiber, and 6.8 g 100 g-1 with respect to total fiber in

peeled potatoes, and the aforementioned contents

exceeded those for potato cultivars grown in the three

soils examined in the current study.

Conversely, the fiber content for potato cultivars in the

experiment in the present study are close to those observed

by Garcia et al. (2015) in their study with eight potato

cultivars planted in Brazil that presented a variation of

0.31–0.66 g 100 g-1 of total fiber.

The potato sugar content is an important quality

parameter. Non-enzymatic browning or Maillard reaction

that occurs in tubers with high levels of reducing sugars

constitutes a serious problem in potato products including

flakes, chips and French fries. This is the largest contrib-

utor to the dark color of foodstuffs in which the pigments

melanoidins correspond to end products (Marwaha et al.

2008).

Total sugars in potato tubers ranged from 0.11 to

0.76 g 100 g-1 (Table 1). With the exception of the cul-

tivar Mondial, the total sugar content was lower in potatoes

cultivated in soil with higher P availability. The limit

established as the sugar content was almost consensual and

was in the range corresponding to 0.2 and 0.3 g 100 g-1

for tubers intended for frying. Thus, only Agata and

Mondial cultivars exceeded this limit in the soil with higher

P availability.

Low sugar levels in tubers cultivated in soil with high

availability of P constitutes very interesting information for

potato cultivars destined for the production of chips or

French fries. Thus, in these cultivation conditions, cultivars

such as Atlantic, Asterix, and Markies are considered as

more valuable in the market because they result in products

with better quality.

The ash contents of potato tubers ranged from 0.81 to

1.38 g 100 g-1. The results showed differences between

cultivars grown in the same soil as well with respect to

the same cultivar grown in different soils (Table 1).

Lower values for this component were observed with

respect to the Agata cultivar and did not differ from those

observed for the Mondial cultivar in soils with low P

availability.

The lipid content ranged from 0.25 to 1.04 g 100 g-1

for potato tubers (Table 1). Statistical analysis of the data

showed that differences between cultivars in the same soil

as well as with respect to cultivation of the same cultivar in

different soils. A significant increase in this component in

tubers of cultivar Markies was observed when the P

availability in soil was higher.

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The absorption of phosphorus by the roots resulted from

interactions between the morphological and physiological

characteristics of the roots as well as the rhizosphere sur-

rounding the root system and the soil characteristics that

determine the movement of P to the soil-root interface.

Differences exist between potato cultivars in terms of the

length and surface area of roots and the uptake kinetic

parameters that affect the P uptake from soil (Fernandes

et al. 2014).

The availability of phosphorus in the soil interfered in

the content of the P uptake from the soil component in

potato tubers, and this effect was not observed for the

cultivar Agata (Table 1). With respect to the other evalu-

ated cultivars, an increase in the available phosphorus in

the soil led to an increase in this mineral in the composition

of the tubers. This result is important because phosphorus

in root and tubers is covalently linked to starch in the form

of phosphorus esters and the degree of starch phosphory-

lation influences the qualitative properties of this polymer

(Noda et al. 2007).

Conversely, the variation observed for the potato culti-

vars indicates differences in the absorption efficiency, and

this is very important since the use of genotypes with high

P efficiency is an option for sustainable production in low-

P soils.

Balemi and Schenk (2009) examined genotypic varia-

tion for phosphorus efficiency related to the simulation of P

uptake and revealed that the processes involved in P

transport and morphological root characteristic affect the P

uptake.

Significant differences exist in terms of the root mass

(dry weight and length) in the plow layer between potato

cultivars, breeding lines, and wild relatives. The differ-

ences are generally stable across different environmental

Table 2 Pearson correlation coefficients for tuber composition

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Soil (p = 14 mg dm-3)

1-Fiber 1 0.88*** Ns Ns -0.65** Ns Ns Ns

2-Total sugar 1 -0.59* Ns -0.81*** Ns 0.72** -0.54*

3-Protein 1 Ns 0.72** 0.85*** -0.89*** 0.66***

4-Lipids 1 Ns Ns Ns Ns

5-Starch 1 0.87*** -0.95*** Ns

6-Ash 1 -0.95*** Ns

7-Moisture 1 Ns

8-

Phosphorus

1

Soil (p = 36 mg dm-3)

1-Fiber 1 0.52* 0.54* Ns Ns Ns -0.52* -0.59*

2-Total sugar 1 Ns 0.83*** Ns Ns Ns Ns

3-Protein 1 Ns 0.66*** 0.85*** -0.93*** Ns

4-Lipids 1 -0.56* Ns Ns Ns

5-Starch 1 Ns -0.84*** Ns

6-Ash 1 -0.70** Ns

7-Moisture 1 Ns

8-

Phosphorus

1

Soil (p = 70 mg dm-3)

1-Fiber 1 0.65** -0.60* 0.68*** Ns -0.71*** 0.61* -0.56*

2-Total sugar 1 -0.89*** 0.56* -0.94*** -0.90*** 0.95*** -0.74***

3-Protein 1 Ns 0.89*** 0.73** -0.86*** 0.80***

4-Lipids 1 Ns -0.81*** 0.62* Ns

5-Starch 1 0.84*** -0.95*** 0.68**

6-Ash 1 -0.96*** 0.57*

7-Moisture 1 -0.65***

8-

Phosphorus

1

Ns = not significant (p[ 0.05), * p\ 0.05; ** p\ 0.01; *** p\ 0.001

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conditions including locations with different soil types,

fertilizer rates, and planting densities. Under favorable

environmental conditions without severe water and nutrient

shortages, root mass differences between genotypes are

related to maturity class wherein late genotypes continue

root growth for longer periods and attain larger root mass

and deeper rooting when compared with those of early

genotypes (Iwama 2008).

Results of the Pearson correlation indicated that when

the average values of all potatoes were considered it is

possible to observe more significant correlations between

the components in the tubers cultivated in soils with high

availability of phosphorus (Table 2). Typically, the fiber

content was positively correlated with total sugar content

and negatively correlated with starch, ash and phosphorus

contents. The moisture displayed a negative correlation

with protein, starch, ash, and phosphorus contents in soils

with the increased availability of phosphorus (Table 2).

Conclusion

The results of the present study indicated that the main

potato cultivars planted in Brazil differ in terms of nutri-

tional composition. The P availability in the soil plays an

important role in the composition of potato tubers. Soils

with higher phosphorus concentrations allow the produc-

tion of tubers with increased dry matter content, decreased

total sugar content, and increased percentages of starch and

protein, which constitute important parameters influencing

the nutritional and industrial qualities of potatoes. The

cultivar Agata exhibited distinct behavior that differed

from those of other cultivars, thereby indicating possible

differences in the absorption system and use of available

phosphorus in the soil. The Pearson analysis indicated that

moisture content displays a primarily negative correlation

with the levels of starch, ash, and protein and is indepen-

dent of the type of cultivar and soil. Starch and protein

were positively correlated in addition to fiber and total

sugar.

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	Chemical composition of potato tubers: the effect of cultivars and growth conditions
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and methods
	Growing of potatoes
	Analysis of potato tubers
	Statistical analysis

	Results and discussion
	Conclusion
	References