Metal oxide-based nanosensors for healthcare and environmental applications

This chapter provides a comprehensive review about the various types of nanostructure metal oxide-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for environmental and biomedical applications due to their low cost, large surface area, control of morphological structures, ease of surface modification, excellent physico-chemical characteristics, and electrochemical and sensing properties. Synthesis methodologies, properties and electrochemical sensing properties of different metal oxides such as Bi2O3, Al2O3, CeO, Nb2O3, Cr2O3, CoO, CuO, Ga2O3, In2O3, FexO (Fe2O3, Fe3O4), MnO x (MnO, Mn2O3 and Mn3O4), ZnO, MoO3, SnO2, WO x (WO, WO3, W2O3, W4O3), TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2 are also discussed. They have been used to detect various biomolecules, gases, and various chemicals resulting in great achievements for applications in the fields of healthcare and environment. The challenges and future research directions of these nanosensors are also discussed.