Ruthenium(II) Complex with 3,4-Methylenedioxy Cinnamic Acid Induces Cell Cycle Arrest at G0/G1 and Apoptosis via ROS Generation and Bioenergetics Disruption in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells
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American Chemical Society (ACS)
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most prevalent type. Cisplatin and its derivatives are commonly used in classical chemotherapy, but their therapeutic efficacy is limited, and they came with significant side effects. The targeted therapies and immunotherapy have improved survival rates for certain groups of patients. However, overall survival for NSCLC remains very low, which contributes to the high mortality rate. Thus, the search for effective and affordable drugs is ongoing. In this context, ruthenium-based complexes have been extensively studied as promising anticancer agents. In our previous studies, three ruthenium-(II) complexes containing cinnamic acid derivatives with ligands were synthesized and characterized. We demonstrated that the complex [Ru-(<i>trans</i>-4-(trifluoromethyl)-cinnam)-(dppb)-(bipy)]-PF<sub>6</sub> effectively inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cells with either an activating <i>N-Ras</i> mutation or a <i>TP53</i> inactivation mutation. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the antitumor potential of complex [Ru-(3,4-cinnam)-(dppb)-(bipy)]-PF<sub>6</sub>, named CINNAM, against nonsmall cell lung cancer cells A549 (<i>TP53</i> wild type; <i>K-Ras</i> mutated) and H1299 (<i>TP53</i> mutated; <i>N-Ras</i> mutated). CINNAM selectively targeted cancer cells over normal cells, with A549 cells showing higher sensitivity to the CINNAM compared to H1299 cells. CINNAM effectively reduced the proliferation of A549 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. CINNAM modulated the expression profiles of key cell cycle regulators, <i>CDKN1A</i>, <i>CCND1</i>, and <i>CCNE2</i>. Further, we demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity of CINNAM is linked to its pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic properties. The interactions of the complex with <i>ct</i>-DNA (calf thymus DNA) were analyzed, and based on the <i>K</i> <sub>b</sub> value, the complex present intermediate affinity for DNA. In conclusion, CINNAM exhibits potent antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on NSCLC cells, surpassing those observed with cisplatin.
