Aplicação da difração de raios X por policristais e do método de Rietveld de refinamento de estruturas cristalinas no estudo de polimorfos cristalinos de fármacos
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Data
2010-02-26
Autores
Antonio, Selma Gutierrez [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A maioria dos fármacos é administrada na forma sólida (amorfo ou policristalino). As formas policristalinas são facilmente detectadas por difração de raios X. Estes fármacos podem cristalizar de diversas formas (polimorfo). Os polimorfos podem apresentar diferentes propriedades físico-químicas e assim apresentar alterações na biodisponibilidade. O polimorfismo decorre das condições empregadas na síntese e purificação da substância, dependendo do tipo de solvente utilizado e da temperatura da reação. Utilizando a difração de raios X e conhecendo a estrutura cristalina é possível a quantificação dos polimorfos nos fármacos através do Método de Rietveld. Neste trabalho, através da difração de raios X por pó, foram indexados os difratogramas de três compostos: a Atorvastatina Cálcica Forma I, o Mebendazol Forma A e um isômero da Tibolona (Isotibolona). Estas indexações permitiram a decomposição de seus respectivos padrões de difração e o posterior uso desses padrões decompostos na identificação dos compostos em matérias primas. Também foram estabelecidos os procedimentos adequados para obtenção dos dados de difração dos fármacos estudados nesse trabalho (ácido mefenâmico, atorvastatina, carbamazepina, mebendazol, tibolona), de forma a permitir a quantificação inequívoca dos seus polimorfos presentes em matérias primas. Um dos problemas mais importantes nessas análises está relacionado à resolução do equipamento que pode causar ambiguidade tanto nas intensidades quanto no alargamento dos picos. Difratogramas de raios X de fármacos apresentam (a) alta sobreposição de picos devido à grande cela unitária e baixa simetria, e (b) orientação preferencial devido aos cristalitos anisotrópicos. Assim, em alguns casos, como tibolona e carbamazepina, foi necessário usar a alta resolução para diminuir a sobreposição dos picos e...
The majority of pharmaceuticals are prescribed in solid form (amorphous or polycrystalline). The polycrystalline forms are detected by rays X diffraction. These pharmaceuticals can crystallize in several forms (polymorphs), which present distinct physico-chemical properties and biodisponibility. The polymorphism occurs due to conditions used in the synthesis and purification of the substance, depending on the type of solvent used and the temperature reaction. Utilizing X-Ray powder diffraction and if the crystal structure are known, it is possible, using the Rietveld Method, to quantify the amount of each polymorph in the pharmaceutical. In this work, x-ray diffraction patterns of three compounds were indexed: Atorvastatin calcium form I, mebendazole form A and isotibolone (a tibolone isomer). These indexing allowed pattern decomposition which was used for its identification in raw materials of these drugs. The procedure for the suitable X-ray diffraction data collection was also established for the pharmaceuticals studied in this work (mefenamic acid, atorvastatin, carbamazepine, mebendazole, tibolone), in order to have an unequivocal quantification of their polymorphs in raw materials. One of the most important problem in pharmaceutical analysis is related to the equipment resolution, which can cause ambiguity in the peak intensities and broadening. X-ray diffraction patterns present (a) high peak overlap due to the large unit cell and low symmetry and (b) preferred orientation due to the anisotropic crystallites. Then, in some cases, like tibolone and carbamazepine, it was necessary to use high resolution equipments for decreasing the peak overlap and the suitable correction of the anisotropic peak broadening caused by the crystallite anisotropy. The high resolution also allows the unit cell refinement without ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
The majority of pharmaceuticals are prescribed in solid form (amorphous or polycrystalline). The polycrystalline forms are detected by rays X diffraction. These pharmaceuticals can crystallize in several forms (polymorphs), which present distinct physico-chemical properties and biodisponibility. The polymorphism occurs due to conditions used in the synthesis and purification of the substance, depending on the type of solvent used and the temperature reaction. Utilizing X-Ray powder diffraction and if the crystal structure are known, it is possible, using the Rietveld Method, to quantify the amount of each polymorph in the pharmaceutical. In this work, x-ray diffraction patterns of three compounds were indexed: Atorvastatin calcium form I, mebendazole form A and isotibolone (a tibolone isomer). These indexing allowed pattern decomposition which was used for its identification in raw materials of these drugs. The procedure for the suitable X-ray diffraction data collection was also established for the pharmaceuticals studied in this work (mefenamic acid, atorvastatin, carbamazepine, mebendazole, tibolone), in order to have an unequivocal quantification of their polymorphs in raw materials. One of the most important problem in pharmaceutical analysis is related to the equipment resolution, which can cause ambiguity in the peak intensities and broadening. X-ray diffraction patterns present (a) high peak overlap due to the large unit cell and low symmetry and (b) preferred orientation due to the anisotropic crystallites. Then, in some cases, like tibolone and carbamazepine, it was necessary to use high resolution equipments for decreasing the peak overlap and the suitable correction of the anisotropic peak broadening caused by the crystallite anisotropy. The high resolution also allows the unit cell refinement without ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Físico-química, Raios X - Difração, Polimorfismo (Cristalografia), Método de Rietveld, Polymorphism in drugs, X-ray diffraction
Como citar
ANTONIO, Selma Gutierrez. Aplicação da difração de raios X por policristais e do método de Rietveld de refinamento de estruturas cristalinas no estudo de polimorfos cristalinos de fármacos. 2010. 161 f. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Química, 2010.