Padrões de dieta em gestantes: estudo de coorte em município paulista
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2016-02-19
Autores
Gomes, Caroline de Barros [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Objetivos: Identificar padrões alimentares de duas coortes de gestantes e diferenças na adesão a estes padrões segundo trimestres gestacionais e características das gestantes: de escolaridade, idade, nível socioeconômico, trabalhar fora, morar com companheiro, fumar antes da gestação, ingerir bebida alcóolica antes da gestação, paridade, ser da cor branca e estado nutricional pré-gestacional. Métodos: A fonte dos dados foi o estudo “Impacto de intervenção para promoção de caminhada no lazer e alimentação saudável em gestantes atendidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família: um estudo de coorte controlado”. Em cada trimestre gestacional foram realizados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas: um por entrevista presencial e outro por telefone, um referente a final de semana/feriado. Os inquéritos foram digitados no software Nutrition Data System for Research. Os alimentos com características semelhantes foram agrupados em 39 grupos, sendo a identificação dos padrões realizada por análise de componentes principais, utilizando a média de consumo de cada grupo nos dois recordatórios de cada trimestre. Foi realizada rotação ortogonal varimax, considerando cargas fatoriais rotacionadas acima de |0,30|. Foram calculados os escores de adesão das gestantes a cada padrão identificado e posteriormente divididos em tercis. As diferenças relativas aos trimestres gestacionais foram testadas pelo teste de diferença de proporções; associação entre os padrões e as características maternas realizada através de regressão logística multivariada, ajustada por coorte. Todos os testes foram realizados considerando p<0,05 como nível de significância. Resultados: Foram identificados três padrões: Brasileiro Tradicional; Predominantemente Ultraprocessado e Carne Bovina; Integral, Frutas, Legumes e Leite com baixo teor de gordura e derivados. Houve redução na frequência de gestantes no primeiro tercil e aumento no terceiro tercil do padrão Brasileiro Tradicional com o avançar da gestação e aumento na frequência no tercil de maior adesão do padrão Predominantemente Ultraprocessado e Carne Bovina. Um quarto das gestantes apresentaram-se nos mesmos tercis de adesão dos padrões durante os três trimestres. Dentre as variáveis investigadas, trabalhar fora de casa (p=0,041) e ser da cor não branca (p=0,046) aumentaram as chances de estar no tercil de maior adesão do padrão Brasileiro Tradicional. As gestantes mais novas mostraram maior adesão ao padrão Predominantemente Ultraprocessado e Carne Bovina (p=0,002). Não morar com companheiro (p=0,003), ingerir bebida alcóolica pré-gestacional (p=0,006) e o avançar dos trimestres gestacionais (p=0,002) também aumentaram as chances de maior adesão a este padrão. Gestantes não brancas e com excesso de peso (versus eutróficas) apresentaram menos chances de estarem no tercil de maior adesão deste padrão (p<0,001; p=0,05). Gestantes com escolaridade intermediária, frente àquelas com 11 ou mais anos de estudo, apresentaram menos chances de estarem no terceiro tercil do padrão Integral, Frutas, Legumes e Leite com baixo teor de gordura e derivados (p=0,007), assim como as das classes C e D/E frente às da classe B (p=0,05). Conclusão: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares dentre as gestantes estudadas, sendo observado um aumento significativo na adesão aos padrões Brasileiro Tradicional e Predominantemente Ultraprocessado e Carne Bovina com o avançar da gestação e diferentes características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, obstétricas e nutricionais associadas a adesão de cada padrão.
Objectives: To identify dietary patterns of two cohorts of pregnant women and differences in adherence to these patterns by gestational trimesters and characteristics of pregnant women: years of schooling, age, socioeconomic status, work outside the home, living with a partner, smoking before pregnancy, eat drink alcoholic before pregnancy, parity, be of white color and pre-gestational nutritional status. Methods: The data source was the study "Impact of an intervention to promote walking during leisure time and healthy eating in pregnant women attending the Family Health Strategy: a controlled cohort study”. At each trimester, there were two dietary recalls of 24 hours: one by personal interview and another by telephone, one referring to weekend/holiday. The surveys form entered in the software Nutrition Data System for Research. Foods with similar characteristics were grouped into 39 groups, with the identification of patterns performed by factorial principal component analysis using the average consumption of each food group in both recalls obtained in each trimester. Varimax orthogonal rotation was carried out, considering the significant food groups rotated factor loadings above |0.30|. The adhesion scores were calculated for pregnant women for each dietary pattern identified and subsequently divided into tertiles. The differences related to gestational trimesters were tested by the proportions difference test; association between the patterns and maternal characteristics was performed using multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for cohort. All tests were performed considering p <0.05 as level of significance. Results: Three patterns were identified: Traditional Brazilian; Predominantly Ultra-processed and beef; Integral, fruits, legumes, low fat milk and derivatives. There was a reduction in the frequency of pregnant women in the first tertile and an increase in the third tertile in Traditional Brazilian pattern with the advancing gestation, and an increased on frequency in greater adherence tertile of the Predominantly Ultra-processed and beef pattern. A quarter of the women presented in the same patterns adherence tertiles during the three trimesters. Among the variables investigated, work outside the home (p=0.041) and be nonwhite (p=0.046) increased the odds of being in the highest tertile of adherence Traditional Brazilian pattern. Younger pregnant women showed greater adherence to Predominantly Ultra-processed and beef pattern (p=0.002). Not living with a partner (p=0.002), drink alcoholic beverages before pregnancy (p=0.006) and the advance of gestational trimesters (p=0.002) also increased the chances of greater adherence to this pattern. Nonwhite pregnant women and overweight (versus normal weight) were less likely to be in greater adherence tertile of the same pattern (p<0.001; p=0.05. Pregnant women with intermediate education, compared to those with 11 or more years of study, had fewer chances of being in the third tertile of Integral, fruits, legumes, low fat milk and derivatives pattern (p=0.007), as well those from class C and D / E, compared to class B (p=0,05). Conclusion: Three dietary patterns were identified among pregnant women from Botucatu. A significant increase was observed in adherence to Traditional Brazilian and Ultra-processed patterns with advancing gestation and different socio demographic, behavioral, obstetric and nutritional characteristics associated with adhesion of each pattern.
Objectives: To identify dietary patterns of two cohorts of pregnant women and differences in adherence to these patterns by gestational trimesters and characteristics of pregnant women: years of schooling, age, socioeconomic status, work outside the home, living with a partner, smoking before pregnancy, eat drink alcoholic before pregnancy, parity, be of white color and pre-gestational nutritional status. Methods: The data source was the study "Impact of an intervention to promote walking during leisure time and healthy eating in pregnant women attending the Family Health Strategy: a controlled cohort study”. At each trimester, there were two dietary recalls of 24 hours: one by personal interview and another by telephone, one referring to weekend/holiday. The surveys form entered in the software Nutrition Data System for Research. Foods with similar characteristics were grouped into 39 groups, with the identification of patterns performed by factorial principal component analysis using the average consumption of each food group in both recalls obtained in each trimester. Varimax orthogonal rotation was carried out, considering the significant food groups rotated factor loadings above |0.30|. The adhesion scores were calculated for pregnant women for each dietary pattern identified and subsequently divided into tertiles. The differences related to gestational trimesters were tested by the proportions difference test; association between the patterns and maternal characteristics was performed using multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for cohort. All tests were performed considering p <0.05 as level of significance. Results: Three patterns were identified: Traditional Brazilian; Predominantly Ultra-processed and beef; Integral, fruits, legumes, low fat milk and derivatives. There was a reduction in the frequency of pregnant women in the first tertile and an increase in the third tertile in Traditional Brazilian pattern with the advancing gestation, and an increased on frequency in greater adherence tertile of the Predominantly Ultra-processed and beef pattern. A quarter of the women presented in the same patterns adherence tertiles during the three trimesters. Among the variables investigated, work outside the home (p=0.041) and be nonwhite (p=0.046) increased the odds of being in the highest tertile of adherence Traditional Brazilian pattern. Younger pregnant women showed greater adherence to Predominantly Ultra-processed and beef pattern (p=0.002). Not living with a partner (p=0.002), drink alcoholic beverages before pregnancy (p=0.006) and the advance of gestational trimesters (p=0.002) also increased the chances of greater adherence to this pattern. Nonwhite pregnant women and overweight (versus normal weight) were less likely to be in greater adherence tertile of the same pattern (p<0.001; p=0.05. Pregnant women with intermediate education, compared to those with 11 or more years of study, had fewer chances of being in the third tertile of Integral, fruits, legumes, low fat milk and derivatives pattern (p=0.007), as well those from class C and D / E, compared to class B (p=0,05). Conclusion: Three dietary patterns were identified among pregnant women from Botucatu. A significant increase was observed in adherence to Traditional Brazilian and Ultra-processed patterns with advancing gestation and different socio demographic, behavioral, obstetric and nutritional characteristics associated with adhesion of each pattern.
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Consumo Alimentar, Padrões Alimentares, Gestantes, Nutrição na Gestação, Gravidez, Food consumption, Dietary patterns, Pregnant women, Prenatal nutrition, Pregnancy