As coalizões de defesa e as mudanças na política externa comercial e energética dos Estados Unidos para o etanol em 2011
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Data
2016-03-14
Autores
Thomaz, Laís Forti [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No final de 2011, o Congresso dos Estados Unidos encerrou suas atividades sem renovar os principais subsídios federais à produção de etanol, criados nos anos 1970 e ampliados nas décadas seguintes. A pesquisa demonstra que esse resultado decorreu principalmente de mudanças nas coalizões de defesa dos subsídios, embora fatores externos às coalizões também tenham contribuído. Entre os fatores internos, destacam-se alterações nas estratégias e recursos das coalizões de defesa, bem como nos interesses, percepções e valores dos membros que são autoridades legais e podem influenciar na mudança de determinado programa. Entre os fatores externos destacam-se a conquista da liderança mundial na exportação do etanol pelos Estados Unidos em 2011, mudanças de coligações de governo advindas das eleições de 2010, mudanças na opinião pública no debate sobre biocombustíveis e alimentos, surgimento de novas alternativas energéticas e decisões de outros subsistemas, como os cortes orçamentários para diminuir o déficit público. A pesquisa se apoia no quadro analítico da advocacy coalitions framework, que oferece referências adequadas para a análise de mudanças em coalizões de defesa inseridas no subsistema político. Com base nesse quadro analítico, a metodologia da pesquisa destaca: mapeamento das estratégias das coalizões, entrevistas, análise documental e do conteúdo das leis, comparação de dados relativos às eleições e votações legislativas, comportamento das coalizões, doações a campanhas e ações de lobby. Embora apoiada em dados quantitativos, a análise é qualitativa, com ênfase na compreensão dos mecanismos causais, identificando ações desenvolvidas a partir dos estímulos externos para mudança nas coalizões. As análises desenvolvidas demonstram a prevalência dos fatores internos sobre os externos na mudança de posição do Congresso sobre o etanol.
The U.S. Congress created key federal incentives for ethanol production in the 1970s and expanded them throughout the following decades. In late 2011 they ended the legislative mandate without renewing these incentives. The research demonstrates that this result was mainly due to changes in coalitions defenses incentives, although external factors have also contributed to the coalitions. Among the internal factors, we highlight changes in the strategies and resources of advocacy coalitions, as well as the interests, perceptions and values of the members who are influential legal authorities who can change a program. Among the external factors we highlight the global leader in ethanol exports, reached in 2011, coalitions of government changes arising from the 2010 elections, changes in public opinion on the debate on biofuels and food, emergence of new energy alternatives and decisions generated in other subsystems, such as budget cuts to reduce the public deficit. The research is based on the theoretical framework of advocacy coalitions framework that provides appropriate references for the analysis of changes in advocacy coalitions entered into the political subsystem. Based on this theoretical framework, the methodology of the research highlight: mapping strategies and initiatives of coalitions; document analysis and legislative content; interviews, analysis of election contributions to campaigns and lobbying during the legislative polls. Although supported by quantitative data, the analysis is based in qualitative research, with emphasis on understanding the causal mechanisms, in order to identify actions developed from external stimuli for change in coalitions. The information and analyses demonstrate the prevalence of internal factors over the external events on the position change Congress on ethanol.
The U.S. Congress created key federal incentives for ethanol production in the 1970s and expanded them throughout the following decades. In late 2011 they ended the legislative mandate without renewing these incentives. The research demonstrates that this result was mainly due to changes in coalitions defenses incentives, although external factors have also contributed to the coalitions. Among the internal factors, we highlight changes in the strategies and resources of advocacy coalitions, as well as the interests, perceptions and values of the members who are influential legal authorities who can change a program. Among the external factors we highlight the global leader in ethanol exports, reached in 2011, coalitions of government changes arising from the 2010 elections, changes in public opinion on the debate on biofuels and food, emergence of new energy alternatives and decisions generated in other subsystems, such as budget cuts to reduce the public deficit. The research is based on the theoretical framework of advocacy coalitions framework that provides appropriate references for the analysis of changes in advocacy coalitions entered into the political subsystem. Based on this theoretical framework, the methodology of the research highlight: mapping strategies and initiatives of coalitions; document analysis and legislative content; interviews, analysis of election contributions to campaigns and lobbying during the legislative polls. Although supported by quantitative data, the analysis is based in qualitative research, with emphasis on understanding the causal mechanisms, in order to identify actions developed from external stimuli for change in coalitions. The information and analyses demonstrate the prevalence of internal factors over the external events on the position change Congress on ethanol.
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Estados Unidos, Política de comércio internacional, Coalizões de defesa, Energia, Etanol, United States, International trade policy, Advocacy coalitions, Energy, Ethanol