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  • ItemArtigo
    Spatial Owner-Dog Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Oceanic Islands and Costal Mainland of Southern Brazil
    (2023-04-01) Freitas, Aaronson Ramathan; Delai, Ruana Renostro; Kmetiuk, Louise Bach; Gaspar, Raquel Cuba [UNESP]; da Silva, Evelyn Cristine [UNESP]; Martini, Rafaella; Biondo, Leandro Meneguelli; Giuffrida, Rogério; de Barros Filho, Ivan Roque; Santarém, Vamilton Alvares; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Pimpão, Cláudia Turra; Biondo, Alexander Welker; Federal University of Paraná State; Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA); University of Western São Paulo
    Leptospirosis has been described as a disease neglected worldwide. Affecting humans and animals, the disease is often related to poor environmental conditions such as lack of sanitation and presence of synanthropic rodents. Despite being considered as a One Health issue, no study has focused on comparing owner–dog seroprevalence between islands and seashore mainland. Accordingly, the present study assessed anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies by applying microscopic agglutination test (MAT) methods to Leptospira and assessing associated risk factors via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of owners and their dogs in islands and seashore mainland of southern Brazil. No anti-Leptospira spp. Seropositivity was found in 330 owner serum samples, while dogs presented an overall seroprevalence of 5.9%. All seropositive dogs reacted to serogroups of Leptospira interrogans, including 66.7% of Pyrogenes, 44.4% Canicola, 22.2% Icterohaemorrhagiae, 16.7% Australis; six reacted to more than one serogroup. No association was found among seropositivity and epidemiological variables, except that neighborhood dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Although no seropositivity was observed in owners, seropositivity in dogs had the potential to indicate such species as being sentinels for environmental exposure and potential human risk of infection.
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    Potential in vitro action of an adenosine analog and synergism with penicillin against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
    (2023-03-01) Bernardino, Pedro Negri [UNESP]; de Paula, Carolina Lechinski [UNESP]; Pereira, Ana Flávia Marques [UNESP]; Ribeiro, Márcio Garcia [UNESP]; de Carvalho Azevedo, Vasco Ariston; Borges, Alexandre Secorun [UNESP]; Fernandes-Júnior, Ary [UNESP]; Oliveira-Filho, José Paes [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of California – Davis; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)
    Caseous lymphadenitis is a well-known disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis affecting small ruminants with small significance to human health because of its minor zoonotic potential. In both cases, few treatment options are available and conventional antimicrobial therapy is commonly refractory due to development of pyogranulomatous reactions, bringing great interest in discovering novel therapeutics for more suitable approaches. Dideoxynucleotides presented antibacterial action against various bacteria but were never described for C. pseudotuberculosis. Hypothesizing the antimicrobial action of 2’,3’-dideoxiadenosine (ddATP) against C. pseudotuberculosis, we performed for the first time an investigation of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the ATCC® 19,410 strain and a well-characterized clinical isolate of C. pseudotuberculosis. We also assessed potential synergism with penicillin. ddATP showed a growth delay effect for C. pseudotuberculosis at 2 µmol/mL and a MIC and MBC of 4 µmol/mL against the ATCC® 19,410 strain, but not for the clinical strain. An antimicrobial effect was observed when using concentrations lower than the MIC of ddATP associated with penicillin for both strains tested. Our data suggest the potential of nucleotide analogs, especially adenosine, and its combination with penicillin, as a possible novel treatment for C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections, and contributes with knowledge regarding alternative drugs to treat C. pseudotuberculosis infections.
  • ItemArtigo
    Seropositivity of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil
    (2022-10-01) Freitas, Aaronson Ramathan; Delai, Ruana Renostro; Kmetiuk, Louise Bach; da Silva, Evelyn Cristine [UNESP]; Martini, Rafaella; Brandão, Ana Pérola Drulla; Giuffrida, Rogério; de Barros-Filho, Ivan Roque; Costa da Silva, Rodrigo; Langoni, Hélio [UNESP]; Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges; Pimpão, Cláudia Turra; Dos Santos, Andrea Pires; Santarém, Vamilton Alvares; Biondo, Alexander Welker; Federal University of Paraná State; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP); University of Western São Paulo; Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná; Purdue University
    Although toxoplasmosis has been considered among the most neglected zoonoses worldwide, no study has focused on the frequency and associated risk factors of owners and their dogs living on an island and mainland seashore areas. Accordingly, anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies were screened by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in owners and dogs from three oceanic islands and two nearby mainland harbor areas, with associated risk factors for toxoplasmosis assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, anti-T. gondii seropositivity was observed in 59/328 (18.0%) owners and 66/283 (23.3%) dogs, with no statistical difference between owners (p = 0.360) and dogs (p = 0.655) from islands and mainland areas. Consumption of local water springs (p = 0.016; OR = 2.11) was an associated risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity, and owners with the habit of spring water intake were twice more likely seropositive (p = 0.014; OR = 2.14). Presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in dogs was associated with seropositive owners (p = 0.008; OR = 2.81), household consumption of beef meat (p = 0.042; OR = 1.7) and chicken (p = 0.026; OR = 2.9). Despite being lower than the worldwide prevalence, toxoplasmosis seropositivity in owners and their dogs in southern Brazil was influenced by the positive owner, water source, and meat consumption, and not by inhabiting islands or seashore mainland areas, presence of dogs, cats, or both. In addition, drinking water quality should always be considered a critical risk factor for toxoplasmosis on islands.
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    Serological survey of leptospirosis in horses with historical displacement through different geographic regions in Brazil
    (2023-04-17) de Vasconcelos, Tassia Cristina Bello; de Castro, Marina Pinheiro; da Silva, Daniela Barbosa [UNESP]; Barros, Renata Simões; de Almeida, Adilson Benedito; Mendes Júnior, Artur Augusto Velho; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges; Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Exército Brasileiro; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-PR
    Leptospirosis has a worldwide occurrence and shows higher incidence in tropical areas. Equines can present several serovars according to geographic region and it is important to analyze the possible contribution of animal displacement on the Leptospira spp. strains occurrence. This research aimed to conduct a serological investigation in an equine regiment belonging to the Brazilian Army Guard Cavalry, resident in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro municipality, but with a history of displacement between different regions in Brazil. A microscopic agglutination test was performed in a serum bank of 197 horses using 29 Leptospira spp. strains. The test showed 94.92% positivity, with 89.84% of the animals presenting a positive result for two or more serovars. Higher titers (≥1:400) could be detected in 57.22% of horses for at least one serovar, whereas seropositivity for more than one bacterial type occurred mostly at lower titers (<1:400). All animals were clinically healthy. The occurrence of serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae in urban areas was confirmed; however, equine serovars Bratislava and Australis presented low frequencies. The serovars Hardjo, Wolffi, and Canicola were detected and indicated the presence of ruminants and dogs as typical reservoirs in proximity to the equines. It is suggested that travel history has contributed to the high frequency found and possible greater contact with different types of Leptospira spp. Therefore, veterinarians should consider the history of geographic displacement and other animal species’ coexistence with horses when conducting their clinical investigation.
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    One health approach on serosurvey of anti-Leptospira spp. in homeless persons and their dogs in South Brazil
    (2022-12-01) do Couto, Anahi Chechia; Gravinatti, Mara Lucia; Pellizzaro, Maysa [UNESP]; Kmetiuk, Louise Bach; Yamakawa, Ana Carolina [UNESP]; da Silva, Evelyn Cristine [UNESP]; Felipetto, Laís Giuliani; Langoni, Hélio [UNESP]; de Souza Leandro, André; de Santi, Carlos Eduardo; dos Santos, Andrea Pires; Biondo, Alexander Welker; Federal University of Paraná; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Municipal Secretary of Health; West Lafayette
    Although leptospirosis has been described as a worldwide bacterial zoonosis primarily affecting vulnerable populations, to date no study has focused on concomitant serosurvey of homeless persons and their dogs. The aim of the present study was, to use a One Health approach to serologically assess homeless persons and their dogs in 3 major cities of south Brazil (São Paulo, Curitiba, and Foz do Iguaçu). Environmental information was obtained with an epidemiological questionnaire given to all participants. A total of 200 human and 75 dog samples were tested for anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies to thirty different serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. None of the homeless persons were positive while 5 of the 75 (6.7%) dogs were positive. Among homeless population, 89% (177 of 200) were male, 61% (122 of 200) self-declared Non-white, and 67% (134 of 200) were educated up to the 8th school grade. Lower exposure of homeless persons to Leptospira spp. in the present study when compared to other vulnerable populations (slum and low-income residents) may be result of less direct exposure as they are able to rapidly change locations in response to flooding events. In addition, these results may reflect the effectiveness of a specific healthcare service provided to people living in the streets in the 3 cities. While dogs may be used as environmental sentinels for leptospirosis, the low seropositivity results found in this report may indicate low transmission risk to homeless owners in direct daily contact with their dogs.
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    Seropositivity for Coxiella burnetii in suspected patients with dengue in São Paulo state, Brazil
    (2022-01-01) de França, Danilo Alves [UNESP]; Mioni, Mateus de Souza Ribeiro [UNESP]; Fornazari, Felipe [UNESP]; de Lima Duré, Ana Íris; Silva, Marcos Vinicius Ferreira; Possebon, Fábio Sossai [UNESP]; Richini-Pereira, Virgínia Bodelão; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Megid, Jane [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Ezequiel Dias Foundation; Regional Laboratories Center II
    Q fever and brucellosis are zoonoses that cause fever and other systemic clinical signs in humans; their occurrences are neglected and the differential diagnosis for some diseases is disregarded. This study aimed to investigate the seropositivity for Coxiella burnetii and Bru-cella spp. antibodies in patients suspected of dengue from 38 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples (n = 604) were obtained by convenience from the Adolfo Lutz Institute serum bank. Sera were subjected to an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using in-house and commercial diagnostic protocols to evaluate C. burnetii positivity. For Brucella spp., sera were subjected to rapid plate serum agglutination with buffered acidi-fied antigen (AAT), slow tube serum agglutination (SAL), and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) techniques. Associations and statistical inferences of the results were performed by logistic regression according to the clinical and demographic variables collected from the patients. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) and associations were considered when p value was <0.05. In all, 129 patients showed positive results for Q fever, indicating a seropositivity of 21.4% (95% CI 18.15–24.85). Patients with 14–20 days of symptoms had 2.12 (95% CI 1.34–3.35) times more chances of being seropositive for Q fever than patients with 7–13 days, and patients with 21–27 days of fever had 2.62 (95% CI 1.27–5.41) times more chances of being seropositive for Q fever than patients with 7–13 days. For the other variables analyzed, there were no significant associations between the groups. No positivity for brucellosis was observed. This is the most comprehensive study of people seropositive for Q fever in São Paulo state and provides additional data for the medical community in Brazil. It is suggested that Q fever may be an important differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses in the region, demanding the government’s attention and investment in health.
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    Seroprevalence to Rabies Virus in Wildlife in Brazil
    (2022-04-01) Fornazari, Felipe [UNESP]; Scheffer, Karin Corrêa; Dos Ramos Silva, Sandriana; da Silva, Karina Ribeiro; Rodrigues, Adriana Cândido; Teixeira, Carlos Roberto [UNESP]; Rolim, Luna Scarpari [UNESP]; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Serum samples of 638 free-ranging wild mammals from São Paulo state, Brazil, were tested for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Overall seroprevalence was 1.7% among 24 species surveyed, with individuals of six species having positive results indicating exposure to rabies virus.
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    Antimicrobial resistance, biofilm production and invasion of mammary epithelial cells by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus mundtii strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Brazil
    (2022-08-01) Rodrigues, D. S.; Lannes-Costa, P. S.; Santos, G. S.; Ribeiro, R. L.; Langoni, H.; Teixeira, L. M.; Nagao, P. E.; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Universidade do Estado de São Paulo
    Members of the genus Enterococcus are among the most relevant etiologic agents of bovine clinical and subclinical mastitis, a major problem for the dairy industry. In Brazil, clonal diversity, and multidrug resistance profiles related to bovine infections need further investigation. In this study, 11 bacterial strains recovered from mastitis subclinical cases detected in different farms of São Paulo, Brazil, were identified as Enterococcus faecalis (n = 8) and Enterococcus mundtii (n = 3) by biochemical testing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis categorized the enterococcal isolates into two main clusters (A and B) with similarity ranging from 85 to 100%. The isolates were shown to be resistant tetracycline (73%), erythromycin (73%), quinupristin–dalphopristin (64%), norfloxacin (9%), fosfomycin (9%) and linezolid (9%). Moreover, seven strains (64%) were considered multidrug-resistant. All the isolates were able to produce biofilms when grown in milk for 24 h: 54·54% were classified as moderate producers and 45·45% were weak producers. Interestingly, only two strains (Ef17 and Em42) remained as moderate biofilm producers after 48 h incubation. Moreover, all isolates showed no ability to form biofilm in tryptic soy broth (TSB) after 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition, cytoskeleton components were partially involved in E. faecalis and E. mundtii entry to epithelial cells as demonstrated by induction of actin stress fibre. In conclusion, enterococci isolates recovered from bovine subclinical mastitis were resistant to several classes of antibiotics, showing the ability to form biofilms in milk and invade mammary epithelial cells, suggesting an advantageous feature in mammary gland colonization during mastitis development. In addition, they can spread along the food chain by different routes and eventually constitute a possible threat for public health, including E. mundtii specie.
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    Food handling in the domestic environment: an online questionnaire study with respondents from 24 of 26 Brazilian states
    (2022-02-25) Sampaio, Aryele Nunes da Cruz Encide [UNESP]; Soares, Vanessa Mendonça [UNESP]; Tadielo, Leonardo Ereno [UNESP]; Dos Santos, Emanoelli Aparecida Rodrigues; Cerqueira-Cézar, Camila Koutsodontis [UNESP]; Danelon, Giovanni Costa [UNESP]; Bersot, Luciano Dos Santos; Pereira, Juliano Gonçalves [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)
    Using an online questionnaire, this study evaluated the profile of a Brazilian population’s food handling practices in the home environment. The questionnaire, containing questions about domestic behavior in terms of hygiene and food handling, was built and available through social media sites. Information about the participants’ profiles, their food pre-preparation, food preparation, and food post-preparation practices, and the occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBDs) was included in the questionnaire. A total of 701 responses were obtained. The interviewees included 78.31% female participants and 21.68% male participants, with an average age of 31.2 years. Nearly all (94.3%) had a complete or incomplete higher education. In the pre-preparation stage, the participants evaluated the shelf life (97.28%) and storage temperature (44.79%) of the products while purchasing them. Regarding food handling practices, only a few participants washed the food packages before storing them (31.95%) or removed hand jewelry or other adornments when washing food (61.48%). Most participants washed their hands (91.58%) and washed vegetables (99.28%). But a group of interviewees reported washing raw meat (27.81%) before preparing it. Cutting surfaces such as plastic (50.36%) and glass (49.36%) tops were the most prevalent in the study. Most respondents did not know how long they had been using their cutting boards (67.62%) and mentioned using the same surface to handle both raw and ready-to-eat products (84.17%). As for the preparation, most interviewees declared they did not check the food temperature during preparation (86.31%), ignoring the ideal cooking temperature (88.26%). Regarding the occurrence of FBDs, 79.17% of the interviewees reported having suspicious clinical signs associated with contaminated foods and 65.59% did not seek medical help. Thus, the participants demonstrated ignorance about adequate practices for food safety in the home environment, highlighting the need to conduct health education programs within the Brazilian population.
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    Serological survey of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in individuals with animal hoarding disorder and their dogs in a major city of Southern Brazil
    (2022-01-01) Cunha, Graziela Ribeiro da; Pellizzaro, Maysa; Martins, Camila Marinelli; Rocha, Suzana Maria; Yamakawa, Ana Carolina [UNESP]; da Silva, Evelyn Cristine [UNESP]; dos Santos, Andrea Pires; Morikawa, Vivien Midori; Langoni, Hélio [UNESP]; Biondo, Alexander Welker; Positivo University; Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA); Ponta Grossa; AAC&T Research Consulting; Municipal Health Department of São José dos Pinhais; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Purdue University; Federal University of Paraná State; Curitiba City Hall
    Background: Individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) presented a persistent difficulty in detaching from objects and/or animals. Unhealthy conditions, frequently found in cases of animal HD (AHD), may favour environmental contamination and the spread of zoonotic pathogens. Despite that, only one study of zoonotic diseases in individuals with AHD and their companion animals has been conducted to date. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in individuals with AHD and their dogs in a major city of Southern Brazil. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 264 dogs (21 households) and 19 individuals with AHD (11 households) and tested by microscopic agglutination test. Results: All human samples were seronegative. Seropositivity was found in 16/264 (6.1%; CI 95% 3.3–9.6%) dogs from 11/21 (52.38%) households, with titres ranging from 100 up to 400, and Copenhageni (10/16; 62.5%) was the most frequent serovar. Surprisingly, seropositivity of hoarded dogs found herein was among the lowest reportedly observed in other dog populations of Brazil. Two epidemiological variables were significantly associated with seropositivity in dogs: the presence of cat hoarding (p = 0.004) and the report of flood occurrence in the household (p = 0.031). Conclusions: No individuals with AHD were seropositive, and besides the lower seroprevalence of dogs, they probably had contact with Leptospira spp. at some point in their life. Since dogs can be considered potential sentinels in leptospirosis, public health programs must become aware of the risk of leptospirosis cases in households of individuals with AHD and nearby communities.
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    Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic species: a case-series study in 697 animals (1997–2019)
    (2022-03-01) Ribeiro, Márcio Garcia [UNESP]; de Morais, Amanda Bonalume Cordeiro [UNESP]; Alves, Ana Carolina [UNESP]; Bolaños, Carmen Alicia Daza; de Paula, Carolina Lechinski [UNESP]; Portilho, Fábio Vinicius Ramos [UNESP]; de Nardi Júnior, Geraldo; Lara, Gustavo Henrique Batista [UNESP]; de Souza Araújo Martins, Lorrayne [UNESP]; Moraes, Lucieny Sierra [UNESP]; Risseti, Rafaela Mastrangelo [UNESP]; Guerra, Simony Trevizan [UNESP]; Bello, Thaís Spessotto [UNESP]; Siqueira, Amanda Keller [UNESP]; Bertolini, Amanda Bezerra [UNESP]; Rodrigues, Carolina Aparecida [UNESP]; Paschoal, Natália Rodrigues [UNESP]; de Almeida, Beatriz Oliveira [UNESP]; Listoni, Fernando José Paganini [UNESP]; Sánchez, Luísa Fernanda García [UNESP]; Paes, Antonio Carlos [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Antonio Nariño University; FATEC
    Klebsiella species, particularly K. pneumoniae, are well-known opportunistic enterobacteria related to complexity of clinical infections in humans and animals, commonly refractory to conventional therapy. The domestic animals may represent a source of the pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species to humans. Nevertheless, most studies involving Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic animals are restricted to case reports or outbreaks. We retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical aspects, and in vitro susceptibility pattern of 697 non-repetitive Klebsiella infections in livestock and companion species (1997–2019). The isolates were obtained from different clinical disorders from dogs (n = 393), cattle (n = 149), horses (n = 98), cats (n = 27), pigs (n = 22), sheep (n = 5), goats (n = 2), and buffalo (n = 1), except four isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis. Urinary (223/697 = 32%), enteric (117/697 = 16.8%), mammary (85/697 = 12.2%), reproductive (85/697 = 12.2%), and respiratory disorders (67/697 = 9.6%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other miscellaneous clinical pictures (116/697 = 16.6%) included abscesses, otitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, pyodermitis, sepsis, and encephalitis. Norfloxacin (183/245 = 74.7%) and gentamicin (226/330 = 68.5%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High in vitro resistance of the isolates was seen to ampicillin (326/355 = 91.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25/62 = 40.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100/252 = 39.7), and multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 20.4% (142/697) isolates. Wide variety of clinical manifestations of Klebsiella-induced infections was observed, with a predominance of urinary, enteric, mammary, reproductive, and respiratory tract disorders, reinforcing opportunistic behavior of agent. Poor in vitro efficacy was observed to some conventional antimicrobials and ~ 20% of isolates exhibited resistance pattern, reinforcing the need for proper use of drugs on therapy approaches in domestic animals to avoid multidrug-resistant bacteria, an emergent global concern.
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    Sequential Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling in Horses: Comparison of Sampling Times and Two Different Collection Sites
    (2022-01-01) Andrade, Danilo Giorgi Abranches de [UNESP]; Cerri, Fabrício Moreira [UNESP]; Barbosa, Giovanna Valverde Magalhães [UNESP]; Basso, Roberta Martins [UNESP]; Takahira, Regina Kiomi [UNESP]; Pantoja, José Carlos de Figueiredo [UNESP]; Oliveira-Filho, José Paes de [UNESP]; Borges, Alexandre Secorun [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is important as a complementary test in horses with neurologic diseases, and sequential analysis may provide information about the treatment response or evolution and quantitative measures of the CSF drug concentration during treatment. The aim of this study was to compare erythrocyte and nucleated cell counts and protein concentration in multiple CSF samples obtained sequentially from two different puncture sites in clinically healthy horses. Eight and 12 horses, with no evidence of neurologic disease, were subjected to CSF collection from the atlanto-occipital (AO) and C1–C2 spaces, respectively. Cytologic and chemical analyses were performed on the CSF obtained at five sampling times (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). Repeated measures models were used to compare the mean erythrocyte count, nucleated cell count, and total protein concentration between the AO and C1–C2 groups at each sampling time. C1–C2 CSF had a significantly higher total protein concentration at T1 and T4 than that of AO CSF. All total protein concentration values remained within the reference interval (<90 mg/dL) for all sampling times and groups. No statistical difference was present between results at T2, T3, T4, and T5 and at T1 in both groups for all analyses. In conclusion, five consecutive AO or C1–C2 CSF collections with at least a 7-d interval did not result in alterations in the CSF erythrocyte and nucleated cell counts and total protein concentrations and did not interfere with the CSF analysis results.
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    Investigation of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area in Brazil and the comparison of serological and molecular diagnostic tests
    (2021-01-01) Sevá, Anaiá da Paixão; Brandão, Ana Pérola Drulla; Godoy, Silvia Neri; Soares, Rodrigo Martins; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Rodrigues, Bruna Cristine; Gava, Mariana Zanchetta E [UNESP]; Zanotto, Paula Ferraz de Camargo [UNESP]; Jimenez-Villegas, Tatiana; Hiramoto, Roberto; Ferreira, Fernando; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Instituto Chico Mendez de Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Instituto Adolfo Lutz
    INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Previous identification of parasitized dogs can also help prevent the disease in humans, even in non-endemic areas of the country. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends diagnosis in dogs using a DPP® (rapid test) as a screening test and an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a confirmatory test (DPP®+ELISA), and culling infected dogs as a legal control measure. However, the accuracy of these serological tests has been questioned. METHODS: VL in dogs was investigated in a non-endemic area of the São Paulo state for three consecutive years, and the performances of different diagnostic tests were compared. RESULTS: A total of 331 dog samples were collected in 2015, 373 in 2016, and 347 in 2017. The seroprevalence by DPP®+ELISA was 3.3, 3.2, and 0.3%, respectively, and by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), it was 3.0, 5.6, and 5.5%, respectively. ELISA confirmed 18.4% of DPP® positive samples. The concordance between the IFA and DPP® was 83.9%. The concordance between IFA and DPP®+ELISA was 92.9%. A molecular diagnostic test (PCR) was performed in 63.2% of the seropositive samples, all of which were negative. CONCLUSIONS: In non-endemic areas, diagnostic tests in dogs should be carefully evaluated to avoid false results.
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    Cellulitis-related Rhodococcus equi in a cat harboring VAPA-type plasmid pattern
    (2021-11-01) Rocha, Brizza Zorayd Luz Lopes; Portilho, Fábio Vinícius Ramos [UNESP]; Garino Júnior, Felício; Monti, Fabiana dos Santos; de Almeida, Beatriz Oliveira [UNESP]; de Souza, Adriana Aparecida Lopes [UNESP]; Morizane, Yuri; Sakaizawa, Naho; Suzuki, Yasunori; Kakuda, Tsutomu; Takai, Shinji; de Farias, Marconi Rodrigues; Ribeiro, Márcio Garcia [UNESP]; Pet Center Cariri; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Animal Vetlab; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR; Kitasato University
    Rhodococcus equi is a well-known intracellular facultative bacterium that is opportunistic in nature, and a contagious disease-causing agent of pyogranulomatous infections in humans and multihost animals. Feline rhodococcosis is an uncommon or unnoticed clinical condition, in which the organism is usually refractory to conventional antimicrobial therapy. The pathogenicity of the agent is intimately associated with plasmid-governed infectivity, which is attributed to the presence of plasmid-encoded virulence-associated proteins (Vap). Three host-adapted virulence plasmid types (VAPs) have been distinguished to date: pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN, whose infections are related to equine, pig, and bovine or caprine origin, respectively, while humans are infected by all three VAP types. Most virulence studies with R. equi plasmid types in animals involve livestock species. Conversely, data on the pathogenicity and human relevance of the virulence plasmid profile of R. equi isolated from cats remains unclear. This report describes a case of cellulitis-related R. equi that harbors the pVAPA-type in a cat with cutaneous lesion. Long-term therapy of the cat using marbofloxacin, a broad-spectrum third-generation fluoroquinolone, resulted effectiveness. pVAPA is a host-adapted virulent type that has been associated predominantly with pulmonary foal infections. Our cat had a history of contact with other cats, livestock (including horses), and farm environment that could have favored the transmission of the pathogen. Besides no clear evidence of cat-to-humans transmission of the pathogen, the identification of R. equi harboring pVAPA-type in a cat with cutaneous abscessed lesion represent relevance in human health because this virulent type has been described in people worldwide with clinical rhodococcal disorders.
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    Sperm viability, serological, molecular, and modified seminal plasma agglutination tests in the diagnosis of Leptospira in the semen and serum of bovine bulls
    (2021-01-01) Maiolino, Sérgio Ricardo [UNESP]; Cortez, Adriana; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Giuffrida, Rogério; dos Santos, Joeleni Rosa [UNESP]; de Nardi Júnior, Geraldo; Lara, Gustavo Henrique Batista [UNESP]; Motta, Rodrigo Garcia [UNESP]; Chacur, Marcelo George Mungai; Monteiro, Fábio Morato; Heinemann, Marcos Bryan; de Souza Filho, Antônio Francisco; de Souza Araújo Martins, Lorrayne [UNESP]; Bello, Thaís Spessotto [UNESP]; Ribeiro, Márcio Garcia [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Santo Amaro University - UNISA; University of Oeste Paulista; Technology Faculty - FATEC; Institute of Animal Science; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    The present study investigated the serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) among 203 bovine bulls with reproduction by natural means, without apparent signs of orchitis or inflammation of accessory reproductive glands. Simultaneously, the semen of all bulls was subjected to sperm viability analysis and PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-positive results of semen samples were confirmed by sequencing. A modified seminal plasma agglutination (MSPA) test, replacing the blood serum of all bulls in the MAT with seminal plasma was performed as well. Eight (8/203 = 3.9%) semen samples from bulls were considered nonviable (necrospermia and azoospermia) without relation to the PCR diagnosis. No agglutinin titers were identified in MSPA test. A high frequency (132/203 = 65%) of leptospiral agglutinin titers was identified in the MAT, particularly for the Sejroe serogroup (Hardjo CTG, 100/203 = 49.3%; Wolffi 74/203 = 36.4%; Guaricura 72/203 = 35.5%; and Hardjoprajitno 56/203 = 27.6%). Three (3/203 = 1.5%) semen samples of bulls were positive in the PCR, but these results were not confirmed by sequencing. The high frequency of serovars from the Sejroe serogroup typically adapted to bovines indicates the need for measures for the prophylaxis/control of the pathogen on the sampled farms. Discrepancies among the MAT, sperm viability, and molecular detection of leptospires in semen highlight the need for a combination of methods to diagnose leptospirosis in bovine bulls. To our knowledge, modified seminal plasma agglutination is described for the first time here to investigate anti-Leptospira antibodies produced locally in the genital tract in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis among bulls that reproduce by natural means.
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    Enteric Organisms Detected in Feces of Dogs With Bloody Diarrhea: 45 Cases
    (2021-11-01) Ramos, Carolina Pantuzza; Diniz, Amanda Nádia; Ribeiro, Marcio Garcia [UNESP]; de Paula, Carolina Lechinski [UNESP]; Costa, Érica Azevedo; Sonne, Luciana; Pereira, Silvia Trindade; Lopes, Carlos Eduardo Bastos; Rennó, Mário Cesar; Silva, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Clínica Veterinária MedVet; Clínica Veterinária VetMaster
    Bloody diarrhea is a common condition in dogs, but studies evaluating the enteropathogens involved specifically in adult dogs are scarce. In the present study, stool samples from 45 adult dogs with bloody diarrhea were evaluated for the four enteric organisms mainly reported in these cases: canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp. In addition, the samples were also tested for coronavirus, rotavirus, Giardia spp., and Escherichia coli pathotypes to provide a better understanding of possible co-occurrence. Vaccination status, diet, and clinical outcome were also obtained when available. CPV-2b was identified in 17 dogs (37.8%), being the most frequent cause of bloody diarrhea, including completely vaccinated adult dogs. Toxigenic C. difficile and C. perfringens netF+ were detected in 6 (13.3%) and 5 (11.1%) dogs, in some cases in a co-occurrence with other enteric organisms. Three fatal cases of salmonellosis were identified in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet, raising the risks associated with this increasing practice.
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    Antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus Suis isolated from clinically healthy swine in Brazil
    (2014-01-01) Soares, Taíssa Cook Siqueira [UNESP]; Paes, Antonio Carlos [UNESP]; Megid, Jane [UNESP]; Ribolla, Paulo Eduardo Martins [UNESP]; Paduan, Karina dos Santos [UNESP]; Gottschalk, Marcelo; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Université de Montréal; Université de Montréal, College of Veterinary Medicine
    Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. This study is the first to report on the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs in Brazil; the fourth major pork producer in the world. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 260 strains was determined by disc diffusion method. Strains were commonly susceptible to ceftiofur, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol, with more than 80% of the strains being susceptible to these antimicrobials. A high frequency of resistance to some of the antimicrobial agents was demonstrated, with resistance being most common to sulfa-trimethoprim (100%), tetracycline (97.69%), clindamycin (84.61%), norfloxacin (76.92%), and ciprofloxacin (61.15%). A high percentage of multidrug resistant strains (99.61%) were also found. The results of this study indicate that ceftiofur, cephalexin, and florfenicol are the antimicrobials of choice for empirical control of the infections caused by S. suis.
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    Occurrence of hepatic lesions caused by Strongylus spp larvae diagnosed in post mortem exam in horses slaughtered in Apucarana, state of Paraná
    (2008-01-01) Bonesi, Gercio Luiz [UNESP]; Biondi, Germano Francisco [UNESP]; Mattos, Cláudio Severino; Sturion, Tiago Torrecillas; Okano, Werner; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); MAPA; Centro de Diagnóstico e Apoio Veterinário; Universidade Norte Do Paraná - UNOPAR
    The objective of this study was to determinate the occurrence of hepatic lesions caused by migratory large Strongyle larvaes in horses slaughtered in city of Apucarana in state of Paraná. The lesions were diagnostic in post mortem exam by macro and microscopic analysis. From April 2003 to April 2004, 38,363 animals, coming from different regions of Brazil, were examined. The occurrence of granulomas in liver was observed in 14,443 (37.64%), with adhesions and spot in 6,645 (17,32%), and 17,275 (45.03%) without macroscopic lesions. Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of livers with calcified nodules, the presence of whitish spots, and adhesions in the format of lines over the hepatic capsule. No larvae were found in the livers. Hepatic fragments were histologically processed and revealed, by optical microscopy, inflammatory cells with predominance of eosinophils around the granulomas with a moderate amount of macrophages and the presence of fibroblasts.
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    Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody detection in animals from farms of a rural community of south of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
    (2009-01-01) Marques, Joil Moreira; Isbrecht, Fabiane Beatriz; Lucas, Thays Mizuki; Guerra, Isabela Maria Polido; Dalmolin, Aline; Da Silva, Rodrigo Costa [UNESP]; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; Da Silva, Aristeu Vieira; UNIPAR; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    The rate of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was evaluated in equines, cats, dogs, poultry, pigs, cattle and sheep of farms in Eldorado, southern Mato Grosso do Sul. Blood samples were collected and sera were examined by the modified agglutination test (MAT), considering positives samples reactants with titers ≥ 25. Rates of reactor animals in the antibody detection test were: 22.89% (46/201) in poultry, 5.15% (20/388) in cattle, 47.61% (20/42) in dogs, 60.87% (14/23) in equines, 57.14% (8/14) in cats, 14.7% (5/34) in pigs. None of the sheep (0/14) were positive. High antibody rates were found in several species, a fact that raise concerns due to the possibility of risk to humans, once these animal species either share the same source of infection with humans or are food sources for them.
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    Prevalência e fatores de risco para a infecção pelo Toxoplasma gondii em granjas de reprodutores suídeos certificados ou não da microregião de Toledo, PR, Brasil
    (2010-11-17) Piassa, Franciele Rossandra; de Araújo, Jacqueline Baptista; da Rosa, Ronaldo César; Mattei, Rodrigo José; da Silva, Rodrigo Costa [UNESP]; Langoni, Helio [UNESP]; da Silva, Aristeu Vieira; PIT/UNIPAR; PIBIC/UNIPAR; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS
    Toxoplasma gondii infection has been diagnosed in pigs all over the world. Economical losses are generally related to reproductive disorders. Toxoplasma infection is also a matter of public health because tissue cysts of the parasite may remain in pork and pork products, and become sources of human infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma infection in certified and non-certified pig breeding farms in the Toledo microregion, in the State of Paraná, Brazil which includes the cities of Toledo, Nova Santa Rosa, Sao José das Palmeiras and Sao Pedro do Iguaçu. Relative frequency of infection was 13.4%, independently of the type of farm. Logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were associated with infection: absence of workers exclusive for each area of the farm, access of other animals to feeders and drinkers, lack of lids in drinkers, lack of rodent control measures, mean piglet number and weight at weaning per female.