Produtividade e qualidade de grãos da cultura do feijão em função do uso de fertilizante nitrogenado de liberação lenta via foliar
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Data
2016-05-06
Autores
Gurgacz, Tailene Elisa Kotz [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O uso de fertilizantes de liberação lenta ou controlada é colocado como eficiente para agricultura, pois fornece nutrientes de forma regular e contínua, de acordo com a necessidade das plantas. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre uso dessas fontes na cultura do feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de fontes de nitrogênio (N) via foliar, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da planta, sobre a produtividade e qualidade de grãos da cultura do feijão comum, cultivado na presença e ausência da aplicação de N via solo. Para tanto, foram realizados seis experimentos, sendo, dois em condições de campo (experimentos I e II) e repetidos em três condições (ambiente I, II e III). Os experimentos de campo foram realizados nas safras “das águas” e “da seca” do ano agrícola 2012/13 e instalados em blocos casualizados. O experimento I foi constituído por 20 tratamentos, sendo a combinação de quatro doses de N em cobertura (0, 45, 90 e 180 kg ha-1) e cinco tratamentos com aplicação de N via foliar (1 - testemunha - sem aplicação de N via foliar; 2 - 2,5 kg ha-1 de N na forma de ureia (UC); 3 - 5,0 kg ha-1 de N-UC; 4 - 2,5 kg ha-1 de N na forma de ureia-formaldeído (UF - Coron®); 5 - 5,0 kg ha-1 de N-UF). Já o experimento II foi constituído por 12 tratamentos, sendo, quatro doses de ureia-formaldeído (0, 1,25, 2,5 e 5 kg ha-1) para fornecimento de N via foliar e três épocas de aplicação [1 - estádio V4 (três folhas trifolioladas completamente expandidas), 2 - estádio R5 (pré-floração) e 3 - estádio R7 (início da formação das vagens)]. A adubação nitrogenada via solo aumentou a matéria seca das plantas, o teor e acúmulo de N na parte aérea, o número de vagens por planta, a produtividade de grãos e o teor e produtividade de proteína na cultura do feijão comum. Independentemente da adubação nitrogenada via solo, o fornecimento de N via foliar aumentou a produtividade de grãos e proteína, sendo a ureia-formaldeído (Coron®) ligeiramente mais eficiente que a ureia comum. A aplicação de ureia-formaldeído aumentou a produção da matéria seca das plantas, o número de vagens por planta e a produtividade de grãos e proteína, independentemente do estádio em que foi realizada a pulverização nas folhas. As maiores produtividades de grãos foram obtidas com a aplicação de doses entre 3,1 e 5,0 kg ha-1 de N na forma de ureia-formaldeído. O tamanho dos grãos não foi afetado pela aplicação de N via foliar.
The use of slow or controlled release fertilizers is considered efficient for agriculture because it provide nutrients on a regular and continuous supply, according to the plant need. However, not exist wide information about the use of these sources in the common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the foliar application of nitrogen (N) sources at different plant development stages of the plant on grain yield and quality of common bean crop, grown in the presence and absence of the N application to the soil. For this, seven trials were conducted, i.e., two in field conditions (experiments I and II) and repeated on three growing conditions. The field trials were conducted in "rainy season" and "dry season" of agricultural year 2012/13, performed in randomized complete blocks. The experiment I was composed of 20 treatments, with the combination of four N doses (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg ha-1) and five treatments with foliar N application (1 - control - without application of N by leaf; 2 - 2.5 kg ha-1 N as urea (UC), 3 - 5.0 kg ha-1 N-UC, 4 - 2.5 kg ha-1 N as urea-formaldehyde (UF); 5 - 5.0 kg ha-1 N-UF). The experiment II was composed of 12 treatments, with four doses of urea-formaldehyde (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 kg ha-1) for foliar N supply and three times of application [1 - V4 (three fully expanded trifoliate leaves), 2 - R5 stage (pre-flowering) and 3 - R7 stage (initial pod development)]. Soil N fertilization increased the plant dry matter, content and accumulation of N in the shoot, the number of pods per plant, grain yield and content and protein yield in common bean crop. Regardless of N fertilizer in the soil, the supply of N foliar increased grain yield and protein, being that urea-formaldehyde (Coron®) was slightly more efficient than common urea. The application of urea-formaldehyde increased the production of dry matter yield, number of pods per plant and grain yield and protein, regardless of the stage in which it was carried out spraying the leaves. The highest grain yield was obtained with application rates between 3.1 and 5.0 kg ha-1 N as urea-formaldehyde. The grain size was not affected by foliar application of N.
The use of slow or controlled release fertilizers is considered efficient for agriculture because it provide nutrients on a regular and continuous supply, according to the plant need. However, not exist wide information about the use of these sources in the common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the foliar application of nitrogen (N) sources at different plant development stages of the plant on grain yield and quality of common bean crop, grown in the presence and absence of the N application to the soil. For this, seven trials were conducted, i.e., two in field conditions (experiments I and II) and repeated on three growing conditions. The field trials were conducted in "rainy season" and "dry season" of agricultural year 2012/13, performed in randomized complete blocks. The experiment I was composed of 20 treatments, with the combination of four N doses (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg ha-1) and five treatments with foliar N application (1 - control - without application of N by leaf; 2 - 2.5 kg ha-1 N as urea (UC), 3 - 5.0 kg ha-1 N-UC, 4 - 2.5 kg ha-1 N as urea-formaldehyde (UF); 5 - 5.0 kg ha-1 N-UF). The experiment II was composed of 12 treatments, with four doses of urea-formaldehyde (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 kg ha-1) for foliar N supply and three times of application [1 - V4 (three fully expanded trifoliate leaves), 2 - R5 stage (pre-flowering) and 3 - R7 stage (initial pod development)]. Soil N fertilization increased the plant dry matter, content and accumulation of N in the shoot, the number of pods per plant, grain yield and content and protein yield in common bean crop. Regardless of N fertilizer in the soil, the supply of N foliar increased grain yield and protein, being that urea-formaldehyde (Coron®) was slightly more efficient than common urea. The application of urea-formaldehyde increased the production of dry matter yield, number of pods per plant and grain yield and protein, regardless of the stage in which it was carried out spraying the leaves. The highest grain yield was obtained with application rates between 3.1 and 5.0 kg ha-1 N as urea-formaldehyde. The grain size was not affected by foliar application of N.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Phaseolus vulgares L., Nitrogênio, Adubação foliar, Ureia-formaldeído, Teor de proteína, Nitrogen, Leaf fertilization, Urea-formaldehyde, Protein concentration