A acessibilidade das construções relativas e a aquisição da escrita
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Data
2016-07-14
Autores
Codinhoto, Gabriela Maria de Oliveira [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo das restrições à acessibilidade das construções relativas no processo de aquisição de escrita a partir de uma perspectiva funcionalista de base holandesa. Partindo da proposta de Keenan e Comrie (1977), que prevê restrições de ordem (morfos)sintática para a relativização, propusemos um novo olhar para acessibilidade das OR, não mais baseado unicamente na morfossintaxe, mas também, e principalmente, nos processos de natureza pragmática, semântica e cognitiva, como os propostos por Dik (1997) e O’Grady (2011). A hipótese fundamental do trabalho é comprovar a proeminência não da relação gramatical de sujeito, como postulam Keenan e Comrie (1977), mas de uma escala de topicidade e animacidade e de uma escala de distância entre a lacuna e o material de preenchimento na oração relativa, de natureza cognitiva e referencial. Entre os processos de codificação morfossintática envolvidos na construção relativa, nos interessou examinar a hipótese de que a estratégia de pronome relativo não está presente na gramática dos alunos em processo de letramento formal, tese já sustentada por Kenedy (2007) em estudo de aquisição de linguagem de base gerativista; e defender a hipótese de que, na realidade, as crianças, que já dominam especialmente a estratégia de lacuna, a mais disseminada também na fala do adulto (cf. CAMACHO, 2012; 2014; 2016; inédito), a estendem, da posição de sujeito e de objeto direto, para todas as demais funções passíveis de serem relativizadas no português. Para confirmar ou refutar as hipóteses apresentadas, utilizamos como córpus de análise textos produzidos por alunos do Ensino Fundamental I de duas escolas públicas de São José do Rio Preto, pertencentes ao banco de dados de textos escritos compilado por Capristano (2001-2004), no âmbito dos estudos produzidos pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Estudos sobre a Linguagem. A análise dos resultados permitiu a conclusão de que, além de propiciar aos alunos o conhecimento de traços e propriedades morfossintáticos das relativas, o desenvolvimento do processo de escolarização ativa um domínio maior das variáveis contextuais de uso, o que gera, consequentemente, um acréscimo não só de frequência, mas também de qualidade da informação construída. Já em relação aos critérios semânticos e cognitivos que atuam na relativização, foi possível confirmar a hipótese de O’Grady (2011) de que não há, em línguas de relativas pós-nominais como o português, uma supremacia de acessibilidade do sujeito em detrimento do objeto, como prevê a Hierarquia de Acessibilidade (HA), uma vez que ambos dispõem do mesmo estatuto cognitivo e funcional. Na realidade, a principal diferença entre as duas funções sintáticas mais básicas da hierarquia de Keenam e Comrie (1977) é motivada por diferenças semânticas, como o traço de animacidade das entidades participantes da relativização de objeto. Os dados mostraram, enfim, que a escala de animacidade é mais relevante para a relativização do que as funções sintáticas, corroborando a hipótese inicial deste trabalho.
The main objective of this research was the study of restrictions on the accessibility of relative constructions in the writing acquisition process from a Dutch functionalist perspective. Starting from the model proposed by Keenan and Comrie (1977), which predicts (morpho)syntactic restrictions to relativization, we proposed a new look at the accessibility in relative clauses, no longer based solely on morphosyntax, but also and especially on pragmatic, semantic and cognitive processes, as the ones proposed by Dik (1997) and O'Grady (2011). The fundamental hypothesis of this work is to prove the prominence not of the grammatical relation of the subject, as postulated by Keenan and Comrie (1977), but of a scale of topicity and animacy and a scale of the distance between filler and gap in relative clauses, both cognitively and referentially. Among the morphosyntactic coding processes involved in the relative construction, we were interested in examining the hypothesis that the relative pronoum strategy is not present in the grammar of students during the formal literacy process, which was already sustained by Kenedy (2007) in a generative-based study on language acquisition, and also in defending the hypothesis that, in fact, children who already master the gapping strategy, which is the most frequent in adult speech (cf. CAMACHO, 2012; 2014; 2016; unpublished), also extend it from the position of subject and direct object to all other functions that can be relativized in Portuguese. In order to confirm or refute the presented hypotheses, we used as our analysis corpus some texts produced by elementary school students in two public schools in São José do Rio Preto, which belong to the database of written texts compiled by Capristano (2001-2004), in the scope of the studies produced by the Estudos sobre a Linguagem Research Group. The analysis of the results allowed us to conclude that, besides providing students with the knowledge on morphosyntactic features and properties of relatives, the development of the learning process also activates a greater understanding of contextual variables of use, which consequently generates an increase not only in the frequency but also in the quality of constructed information. In relation to the semantic and cognitive criteria that work in relativization, it was possible to confirm the hypothesis by O'Grady (2011) that in languages with post-nominal relatives such as Portuguese there is a supremacy of accessibility of the subject at the expense of the object, as predicted by the Accessibility Hierarchy (AH), since both have the same cognitive and functional status. In fact, the main difference between the two most basic syntactic functions in Keenam and Comrie hierarchy (1977) is motivated by semantic differences, as animacy feature of the participating entities in the relativization of the object. The data showed, therefore, that the animacy scale is more relevant to the relativization than the syntactic functions, corroborating the initial hypothesis of this work.
The main objective of this research was the study of restrictions on the accessibility of relative constructions in the writing acquisition process from a Dutch functionalist perspective. Starting from the model proposed by Keenan and Comrie (1977), which predicts (morpho)syntactic restrictions to relativization, we proposed a new look at the accessibility in relative clauses, no longer based solely on morphosyntax, but also and especially on pragmatic, semantic and cognitive processes, as the ones proposed by Dik (1997) and O'Grady (2011). The fundamental hypothesis of this work is to prove the prominence not of the grammatical relation of the subject, as postulated by Keenan and Comrie (1977), but of a scale of topicity and animacy and a scale of the distance between filler and gap in relative clauses, both cognitively and referentially. Among the morphosyntactic coding processes involved in the relative construction, we were interested in examining the hypothesis that the relative pronoum strategy is not present in the grammar of students during the formal literacy process, which was already sustained by Kenedy (2007) in a generative-based study on language acquisition, and also in defending the hypothesis that, in fact, children who already master the gapping strategy, which is the most frequent in adult speech (cf. CAMACHO, 2012; 2014; 2016; unpublished), also extend it from the position of subject and direct object to all other functions that can be relativized in Portuguese. In order to confirm or refute the presented hypotheses, we used as our analysis corpus some texts produced by elementary school students in two public schools in São José do Rio Preto, which belong to the database of written texts compiled by Capristano (2001-2004), in the scope of the studies produced by the Estudos sobre a Linguagem Research Group. The analysis of the results allowed us to conclude that, besides providing students with the knowledge on morphosyntactic features and properties of relatives, the development of the learning process also activates a greater understanding of contextual variables of use, which consequently generates an increase not only in the frequency but also in the quality of constructed information. In relation to the semantic and cognitive criteria that work in relativization, it was possible to confirm the hypothesis by O'Grady (2011) that in languages with post-nominal relatives such as Portuguese there is a supremacy of accessibility of the subject at the expense of the object, as predicted by the Accessibility Hierarchy (AH), since both have the same cognitive and functional status. In fact, the main difference between the two most basic syntactic functions in Keenam and Comrie hierarchy (1977) is motivated by semantic differences, as animacy feature of the participating entities in the relativization of the object. The data showed, therefore, that the animacy scale is more relevant to the relativization than the syntactic functions, corroborating the initial hypothesis of this work.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Oração relativa, Acessibilidade, Aquisição da escrita, Relative clause, Accessibility, Writing Acquisition